Siege of Charleston in the American Revolution

The Siege of Charleston took place from March 29 to May 12, 1780, during the American Revolution (1775-1783) and came about after a change in British strategy. Shifting their focus to the southern colonies, the British first captured Savannah, GA in 1778 before mounting a major expedition against Charleston, SC in 1780. Landing,  Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton conducted a brief campaign that drove American forces under Major General Benjamin Lincoln back into the Charleston. Conducting a siege of the city, Clinton compelled Lincoln to surrender. The defeat resulted in one of the largest single surrenders of American troops and created a strategic crisis in the South for the Continental Congress. Background In 1779, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton began making plans for an attack on the Southern colonies. This was largely encouraged by a belief that Loyalist support in the region was strong and would facilitate its recapture. Clinton had attempted to capture Charleston, SC in June 1776, however the mission failed when Admiral Sir Peter Parkers naval forces were repulsed by fire from Colonel William Moultries men at Fort Sullivan (later Fort Moultrie). The first move of the new British campaign was the capture of Savannah, GA. Arriving with a force of 3,500 men, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell took the city without a fight on December 29, 1778. French and American forces under Major General Benjamin Lincoln laid siege to the city on September 16, 1779. Assaulting the British works a month later, Lincolns men were repulsed and the siege failed. On December 26, 1779, Clinton left 15,000 men under General Wilhelm von Knyphausen in New York to hold General George Washingtons army at bay and sailed south with 14 warships and 90 transports for another attempt on Charleston. Overseen by Vice Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot, the fleet carried an expeditionary force of around 8,500 men. Armies Commanders Americans Major General Benjamin LincolnCommodore Abraham Whipple5,500 men British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clintonrising to 10,000-14,000 men Coming Ashore Shortly after putting to sea, Clintons fleet was beset by a series of intense storms which scattered his ships. Regrouping off Tybee Roads, Clinton landed a small diversionary force in Georgia before sailing north with the bulk of the fleet to Edisto Inlet approximately 30 miles south of Charleston. This pause also saw Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton and Major Patrick Ferguson go ashore to secure new mounts for Clintons cavalry as many of the horses that had been loaded in New York had suffered injuries at sea. Unwilling to attempt forcing the harbor as in 1776, he ordered his army to begin landing on Simmons Island on February 11 and planned to approach the city by an overland route. Three days later British forces advanced on Stono Ferry but withdrew upon spotting American troops. Returning the next day, they found the ferry abandoned. Fortifying the area, they pressed on towards Charleston and crossed to James Island. In late February, Clintons men skirmished with American forces led by Chevalier Pierre-Franà §ois Vernier and Lieutenant Colonel Francis Marion. Through the rest of the month and into early March, the British wrested control of James Island and captured Fort Johnson which guarded the southern approaches to Charleston harbor. With control of the southern side of the harbor secured, on March 10, Clintons second in command, Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis, crossed to the mainland with British forces via Wappoo Cut (Map). American Preparations Advancing up the Ashley River, the British secured a series of plantations, such as Middleton Place and Drayton Hall, as American troops watched from the north bank. While Clintons army moved along the river, Lincoln worked to prepare Charleston to withstand a siege. He was aided in this by Governor John Rutledge who ordered 600 slaves to construct new fortifications across the neck between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. This was fronted by a defensive canal. Only possessing 1,100 Continentals and 2,500 militia, Lincoln lacked the numbers to face Clinton in the field. Supporting the army were four Continental Navy ships under Commodore Abraham Whipple as well as four South Carolina Navy vessels and two French ships. Not believing he could defeat the Royal Navy in the harbor, Whipple first withdrew his squadron behind a log boom which protected the entrance to the Cooper River before later transferring their guns to the land defenses and scuttling his ships. Though Lincoln questioned these actions, Whipples decisions were backed by a naval board. In addition, the American commander would be reinforced on April 7 by the arrival of Brigadier General William Woodfords 750 Virginia Continentals which raised his total strength to 5,500. The arrival of these men was offset by British reinforcements under Lord Rawdon which increased Clintons army to between 10,000-14,000. The City Invested Having been reinforced, Clinton crossed the Ashley under the cover of fog on March 29. Advancing on the Charleston defenses, the British began constructing siege lines on April 2. Two days later, the British constructed redoubts to protect the flanks of their siege line while also working to pull a small warship across the neck to the Cooper River. On April 8, the British fleet ran past the guns of Fort Moultrie and entered the harbor. Despite these setbacks, Lincoln retained contact with the outside via the north shore of the Cooper River (Map). With the situation rapidly decaying, Rutledge escaped the city on April 13. Moving to completely isolate the city, Clinton ordered Tarleton to take a force to sweep away Brigadier General Isaac Hugers small command at Moncks Corner to the north. Attacking on at 3:00 AM on April 14, Tarleton surprised and routed the Americans. After the fighting, Vernier was killed by Tarletons men despite asking for quarter. It was the first of several brutal actions taken by Tarletons men during the campaign. With the loss of this crossroads, Clinton secured the north bank of the Cooper River when Tarleton joined with Lieutenant Colonel James Websters command. This combined force advanced down the river to within six miles of the city and cut off Lincolns line of retreat. Understanding the severity of the situation, Lincoln called a council of war. Though advised to continue defending the city, he instead elected to parley with Clinton on April 21. In the meeting, Lincoln offered to evacuate the city if his men were permitted to depart. With the enemy trapped, Clinton immediately refused this request. Tightening the Noose Following this meeting, a massive artillery exchange ensued. On April 24, American forces sortied against the British siege lines but to little effect. Five days later, the British began operations against the dam that held the water in the defensive canal. Heavy fighting began as the Americans sought to protect the dam. Despite their best efforts, it was nearly drained by May 6 opening the way for a British assault. Lincolns situation further worsened when Fort Moultrie fell to British forces under Colonel Robert Arbuthnot. On May 8, Clinton demanded that the Americans unconditionally surrender. Refusing, Lincoln again attempted to negotiate for an evacuation. Again denying this request, Clinton began a heavy bombardment the following day. Continuing into the night, the British pounded the American lines. This, coupled with the use of hot shot a few days later, which set several buildings on fire, broke the spirit of the citys civic leaders who began pressing Lincoln to surrender. Seeing no other option, Lincoln contacted Clinton on May 11 and marched out of the city to surrender the following day.   Aftermath The defeat at Charleston was a disaster for American forces in the South and saw the elimination of the Continental Army in the region. In the fighting, Lincoln lost 92 killed and 148 wounded, and 5,266 captured. The surrender at Charleston ranks as the US Armys third largest surrender behind the Fall of Bataan (1942) and Battle of Harpers Ferry (1862). British casualties before Charleston numbered 76 killed and 182 wounded. Departing Charleston for New York in June, Clinton turned over command at Charleston to Cornwallis who quickly began establishing outposts across the interior. In the wake of the citys loss, Tarleton inflicted another defeat on the Americans at Waxhaws on May 29. Scrambling to recover, Congress dispatched the victor of Saratoga, Major General Horatio Gates, south with fresh troops. Rashly advancing, he was routed by Cornwallis at Camden in August. The American situation in the southern colonies did not begin stabilize until the arrival of Major General Nathanael Greene that fall. Under Greene, American forces inflicted heavy losses on Cornwallis at Guilford Court House in March 1781 and worked to regain the interior from the British.

Argentina Crisis Related to Greeces Case - 2681 Words

BANKING PAPER REQUIEREMENTS My paper will discusses about the link between both crisis in Greece and Argentina, what we have learnt since this crisis and what are the common mistakes committed by both. Economic environment â€Å"Eleven years after the financial crisis of 2001, which led to the largest default in history (75 billion Euros), Argentina has reimbursed, the August 3, the last holders of securities issued during the freezing of assets, called corralito (small enclosure). The final explosion occurs when the Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo announced on 1 December 2001, before the flight of capital and the liquidity crisis, the implementation of corralito, limiting bank withdrawals to 250 pesos a week†¦show more content†¦Depositors start to withdraw their bank deposits, raising fears of a liquidity crisis for many financial institutions. People of Argentina didn’t trust about the system, making a liquidity crisis due to the higher amount of withdrawals especially caused by a lack of confidence or unexpected need for cash, the crisis of confidence in general lead to a liquidity crisis. Banking system was trapped in a vicious cycle of untrustworthiness, impacts were symptomatic as quoting â€Å"you could see customers queuing to withdraw their savings, liquidating their bank accounts frantically and when people began to understand that they could probably not recover fully their savings that people began fights and that we understand the effects of the crisis†. A system risks has spread into the system and contagion has becoming effective quickly due to the fall of confidence of people and the incapacity to bank to pay back people. In addition, the Argentinean banks are interconnected and shared risks and when the first one declare bankruptcy, the assets contained in the banks found themselves insolvent, and thus risked bankruptcy and the generalized bankruptcy of the system. Recession causes strikes and decrease of public income, which has as its corollary the increase in public debt, and the fact that they must pay back the debt in peso, due to his withdrawal ofShow MoreRelatedGreece Case Analysis816 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurred in the fourth century. To top it all off, Greece has spent ninety years which is almost half of the time since it’s independence in a financial crisis? This all leads up to the longheld debate between many citizens of this country and many others that may possibly be affected by this tough decision. At the peak of Greece’s financial crisis, (as of 2016) over 314 billion euros in debt, many are fighting over whether or not they should return back to their original, national currency, otherwiseRead MoreThe Comparative Advantage of Greece in the Era of Recession4221 Words   |  17 PagesHeckscher-Ohlin. Furthermore we analyze the current situation of the country, Greece’s economic structure and its trade pe rformance, mainly the exports. In addition we identify the elements of the Greek competitiveness and the results of the fiscal consolidation that Greece is undergoing. Having analyzed the definition of the comparative advantage and the data concerning Greece’s reforms we proceed in identifying Greece’s comparative advantage mainly in four different sectors. Firstly we identify theRead MoreNation Branding-Best Practices Through Sports, Laws and Science7411 Words   |  30 Pagesexamples where countries like Denmark did an exceptional work with branding by Sports. Denmark brands itself with sports There are 99 ways to skin a cat, and some more to brand a nation. Sports is just another one to do so. A specific country, in this case, Denmark, is including sports and sports events within its nation branding agenda. â€Å"Sports events today are much more than a sports competition. They are an experience for the athletes and participants – and for the tv-viewers at home. They areRead MoreWine Consumption Essay examples6888 Words   |  28 Pageswith 70 acres of vines, with the ability to produce a variety of wine styles. Eddy and Frank are backed by an experienced team, with 50 employees in total. The winery currently produces 500,000 cases per year, but has the capacity to expand considerably. In Australia they sell for an average of $15 per bottle. 1-d. Product/s of the organisation under consideration for entry into an international market Australias

Linking Organizational Culture Structure â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Linking Organizational Culture Structure Strategy? Answer: Introducation In the present scenario, change management strategies are undertaken by organizations so as they can gain competitive advantage in the market. With the management of change, the company can easily modify its operational activities according to the demand and requirement(Alavi, Kayworth Leidner 2005). For the present report, the selected organization is British Petroleum (BP) one of the multinational oil and gas company that mainly indulge in activities related to exploration, refining, petrochemicals, renewable energy, etc. The report also will also focus on understanding the background to strategic change and how strategic change might be approached. On the other hand, the report will also assess different factors that act as driving force for implementing the strategic change within the organization. Models of strategic change There are various models of strategic change that might be used within the organization so that they can easily perform their operation accordant with the competitor activities. The most common used change model in the organization is Kurt Lewin change model that mainly engage in three stages unfreeze, movement and refreeze. The first stage is the unfrozen stage in which management recognize the need for change within the organization(Zheng, Yang McLean 2010). Under this stage, employee examines status quo. The second stage is movement in which management develops the new attitude and behaviour among the employees so that they can easily implement the change. The last stage in Kurt Lewin change model is the refreezing stage. Under this stage employees will stabilize the change and perform accordant with the new attitude and behaviour. Another useful model of strategic change includes Proscis ADKAR. This model indicates that effective change management mainly focuses on five goals such as awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, and reinforcement that support in the successful accomplishment of change within the organization. The five goals are described as follows- Awareness regarding need of change Desire to participate and support the change Knowledge regarding how to change Ability to implement change Reinforcement to keep change Relevance of models of strategic change to organization in UAE and global economic climate From the above-defined models of strategic change that is Kurt Lewin and ADKAR model, it has been evaluated that both of the models are relevant in managing change within British Petroleum (BP). With the help of implementing Kurt Lewin three-stage model, it benefits the organization in adopting the new culture and also supports their staffs and employees to gain the new behaviour and attitude so that they can easily resist the change(Balogun, Bartunek Do 2015). Along with this, through reviewing global economic condition within UAE (United Arab Emirates), it has been assessed that implementing Kurt Lewin change model also assist the organization to sustain in the environment and attain growth. On the other hand, another change model is Porscis ADKAR that is also consider as significant to BP in UAE as it allows the employees and leaders to focus on their activities that will ultimately result in driving individual change(Wirtz et al. 2016). Therefore, it is evaluated that both the change models are relevant to an organization in UAE as it assists the company to sustain in the competitive environment. The value of using strategic intervention techniques in organization Strategic intervention is considered as an active form of activities and actions that assist the organization in enabling proper communication. Different strategic intervention techniques are often used in British Petroleum so that management can easily implement the change. It mainly includes forming alliances within the organization, cultural change within the environment, etc. It has been further assessed that there is the significant value of using strategic intervention techniques in the cited organization as it supports the organization in managing and resisting the change correctly(Benn, Dunphy Griffiths 2014). Along with this, it also focuses on executing proper change without any hazard and risk. The need for strategic change in selected organization To succeed in the developed market that is United Arab Emirates (UAE) organization requires undergoing the change process. Different internal and external factors might result in bringing change within the organizational operation. For instance, BP in UAE needs to engage in change process due to their controversies related with damaging the environment, hazards to workers as well as other ineffective business practices(Van der Voet 2014). Therefore, to overcome the above activities BP requires implementing strategic change process that assists them to survive in the competitive environment. Apart from this, there are some other needs for implementing strategic change in the cited organization that is to gain competitive advantage. The need for strategic change in BP also enables them to be more focused. BP has been enjoying significant market share and also gain competitive advantage from its competitors through implementing change within the environment and learning the actual requirement of customers(Cabrey Haughey 2014). With the constant change, it has facilitated BP to adapt in any setting. For instance, leading oil and gas companies have undergone green to guard the environment and have turn out to be the big promoter for going green. The factors that are driving the need for strategic change Different factors are driving the need for strategic change within the activities of British Petroleum it mainly includes political and environmental factor. The operational activities of BP are primarily affected by environmental aspect within UAE. The company has indulged in deepwater horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that has negatively affect the environment and different other resources(Tanner-McAllister, Rhodes Hockings 2017). To overcome such issues in UAE Company is required to follow the environmental standard to overcome the environmental issues related to wastage and pollution. Apart from this, with the technological up gradation, it is required by the business organization to undertake change management process. BP must be ready to engage in technological change and adopt such changes as it might result in improving their operational activities. For instance, with the advancement in technology, BP must engage in using new machinery and tools for drilling purpose(Cameron Green 2015). Along with this, BP has advanced their technology and engaged in practices so that they may easily find out the oil and gas. Therefore, environmental factor, as well as the technological factor both, are considered as driving factor the easily accomplishes the need for strategic change within British Petroleum. Resource implication of the selected organization not responding to strategic change It has been assessed that there are different resource implication of British Petroleum that results in not responding to the strategic change. If BP does not appropriately respond to the change, then it might adversely affect their resources such as it would influence the human resource that is the increase in employee turnover, layoffs, etc. Along with this, resource implication of BP not responding to strategic change would also impact the physical resources that are it affects non-current assets of the cited organization such as equipment, vehicles, buildings, etc. In order to manage change effectively within BP, it is required by human resource manager to implement different strategies that would result in enhancing change within the organization(Cameron Quinn 2005). For instance, training plays the significant role within the organization as it assists the employees and staff to get trained so that they may easily engage in responding to the strategic change. Develop systems to involve stakeholders in the planning of change Many organizations participate in developing the strategic plan for the organization and through which they have involved their stakeholders in the planning of change. Strategic planning must involve every employee as well as stakeholders of British Petroleum so that they may successfully plan the change(Kuipers et al. 2014). The primary system that is used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change within BP includes functional system. This system indicates that once the organization has attained the growth now, they must engage in dividing their responsibilities so that all stakeholders of BP can easily involve in the planning of change. On the other hand, another system to involve stakeholder is through playing it straight. Under this, the basic requirements of every stakeholder is kept in mind and present them with the required information which can benefit them to implement the change successfully(Coghlan, Rashford de Figueiredo 2015). Develop a change management strategy with stakeholders To manage successful change within the British Petroleum, management indulges in developing change management strategies with their stakeholders. A strategy is defined as the plan of action that supports organization in the long run with attaining the advantage in the competitive market through configuring the competencies and different resources with the major purpose to accomplish the expectations of stakeholders. With the advancement in technology and implementing technological change within British Petroleum management must develop an effective strategy with their different stakeholders so that it might also meet their needs and expectations. Thus, the key aspect in developing change management strategy is to analyze the different stakeholders within organization whom might be impacted with implementing the change(Kavanagh Ashkanasy 2006). Strategies for managing change within the cited firm must create visible short-term goals so that it might clearly review the change. Another developed change management strategy with stakeholder includes effective communication through which BP overcome the resistance to change in their operational activities. Evaluate the systems used to involve stakeholders in the planning of change BP has developed the system that is used to involve different stakeholders for successful planning of change within the organization. From the above-developed system it has been evaluated both the system has played the significant role in involving various stakeholders(Goetsch Davis 2014). It has been further evaluated that functional system within BP has resulted in dividing responsibilities within the organization that further involve more stakeholders for planning the change. It has been evaluated that with this system every stakeholder would play the active part in planning and managing the change. Along with this, matrix system must also be used to involve stakeholders in planning the change as under this system different personnel or stakeholders collaborate for accomplishing the specific task and activities. Thus, with the help of matrix organizational system management can easily involve different stakeholders in planning the change(Hayes 2014). Create a strategy for managing resistance to change To manage resistance to change among the staff and workers it is required by the management to create an effective strategy. Creating effective strategy would support the staff to overcome the resistance and accept change within the activities. The key strategy that is used for managing resistance to change includes enabling active participation and involvement of employees within the organization so that they may easily put forward their views regarding managing the change successfully(Jones, Jimmieson Griffiths 2005). Apart from this, the communication strategy is also formulated by management for managing resistance to change within the BP. With the effective communication strategy management would convey the reason for implementing the change within their operational activities. Develop appropriate models for change For implementing successful technological change in BPs operation management team must focuses on developing the appropriate model of change through reviewing the change management model framed by John Kotter. The change model basically focuses on eight different steps. Steps in model of change 1. Create urgency The first step in the change model is creating urgency through developing scenario that what will happen in the future. Therefore, allows employees to adopt change in their activities(Hrebiniak 2013). 2. Form a powerful coalition Second step in change is forming power coalition that requires support from leaders and managers within BP so that they together assist employees in bringing the change. 3. Create vision for change Another step in change model is creating vision for change that is it would result in enhancing the drilling and exploration process within BP that further result in reducing the manual work performed by their staff and workers. 4. Communicate the vision After that management team must communicate their vision to workers so that they must gain information regarding the change(Hon, Bloom Crant 2014). Along with this, communicating vision also results in changing the behaviour and attitude of employees within BP towards adopting the new technology. 5. Remove obstacles Another step is to remove obstacles through hiring change leaders so that they may easily determine the people who are resisting the change and their actual requirement. 6. Create short term wins Another step is to create short term wins so that they can motivate their employees and workers to implement change without help of others. BP analyzes the potential pros and cons of implementing new machineries and tools in the drilling process. 7. Build on change After winning the short term goals management team analyze the results and things that need to be improved further in order to build on change. 8. Anchor the changes in corporate culture the market The last step in the change model is to secure the adopted changes within the environment so that change in future might not impact the corporate culture. Plan to implement a model for change in the selected organization In order to implement model for change in British Petroleum management must focuses on devising a plan. The plan mainly consists of different steps such as Assess- The first stage in implementing model for change must focuses on assessing the impact of change within the organization. Plan- After assessing the impact of change, management must engage in planning the activities so that workers within BP can easily implement the change(Balogun, Bartunek Do 2015). Act- After planning the activities workers must engage in the practices that brings change within their operation. Evaluate- After putting all the activities into action management must engage in evaluating the result that is worker has implemented change successfully or not. Sustain- The last step in planning includes sustaining that is hold on to the activities so that it might not impact the future activities(Tanner-McAllister, Rhodes Hockings 2017). Develop appropriate measures to monitor progress in the selected organization British Petroleum has undergone different changes within their environment and operational activities with the principal aim to enhance the performance of the organization. Thus, to monitor the progress of implemented change within the organization management develop appropriate measures such as- Goal-based evaluation- Under this method; management of BP can easily monitor progress in the cited firm through assessing the result(Benn, Dunphy Griffiths 2014). BP management sets certain goals within the organization and accomplishes them through implementing the change. Therefore, at the end of the goal-based evaluation, BP management will review whether goals have been achieved or not. Conclusion From the above report it can be inferred that strategic change management is consider as an effective approach that supports the organization to change their activities accordant with the existing competitors. However, there are different strategic change models has been also used by the management to implement technological change within their operational activities. References Alavi, M, Kayworth, TR Leidner, DE 2005, 'An economics examination of the influence of organizational culture on knowledge management practices.', Journal of management information systems, vol 22, no. 3, pp. 1991-224. Balogun, J, Bartunek, JM Do, B 2015, 'Senior managers sensemaking and responses to strategic change', Organization Science, vol 26, no. 4, pp. 960-979. Benn, S, Dunphy, D Griffiths, A 2014, 'Organizational change for corporate sustainability', Routledge, Abingdon. Cabrey, TS Haughey, A 2014, ' Enabling organizational change through strategic initiatives', A. Haughey, p. 16. Cameron, E Green, M 2015, 'Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change', Kogan Page Publishers, London, United Kingdom. Cameron, KS Quinn, RE 2005, 'Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. ', John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, United States. Coghlan, D, Rashford, NS de Figueiredo, J.N 2015, 'Organizational change and strategy: An interlevel dynamics approach', Routledge, Abingdon. Goetsch, DL Davis, SB 2014, 'Quality management for organizational excellence', Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson, New Jersey. Hayes, J 2014, 'The theory and practice of change management', Palgrave Macmillan, basingstoke. Herrmann, P Nadkarni, S 2014, 'Managing strategic change: The duality of CEO personality', Strategic Management Journal, vol 35, no. 9, pp. 1318-1342. Hon, AH, Bloom, M Crant, JM 2014, 'Overcoming resistance to change and enhancing creative performance', Journal of Management, vol 40, no. 3, pp. 919-941. Hornstein, HA 2015, 'he integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity', International Journal of Project Management, vol 33, no. 2, pp. 291-298. Hrebiniak, LG 2013, 'Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change', FT Press, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States. Jones, RA, Jimmieson, NL Griffiths, A 2005, 'The impact of organizational culture and reshaping capabilities on change implementation success: The mediating role of readiness for change.', Journal of Management Studies, vol 42, no. 2, pp. 361-386. Kavanagh, M, Ashkanasy, N,M 2006, 'The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture and individual acceptance of change during a merger', British Journal of Management, vol 17, no. S1. Kuipers, BS, Higgs, M, Kickert, W, Tummers, L, Grandia, J Van der Voet, J 2014, 'The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.', Public Administration, vol 92, no. 1, pp. 1-20. Tanner-McAllister, SL, Rhodes, J Hockings, M 2017, 'Managing for climate change on protected areas: An adaptive management decision making framework', Journal of Environmental Management, vol 204, pp. 510-518. Van der Voet, J 2014, 'The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure', European Management Journal, vol 32, no. 3, pp. 373-382. Wirtz, BW, Pistoia, A, Ullrich, S Gttel, V 2016, 'Business models: Origin, development and future research perspectives', Long Range Planning, vol 49, no. 1, pp. 36-54. Zheng, W, Yang, B McLean, GN 2010, 'Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.', Journal of Business research, vol 63, no. 7, pp. 763-77

Legal Aspects of International Lagal Trade and Enterprise

Question: Discuss about the Legal Aspects of International Lagal Trade and Enterprise. Answer: Introduction: The legal aspects of International Trade introduce the complex international legal framework that enables the individuals, business organisation and the governments for exchanging the products and the services legally and successfully. According to the opinion of Barker et al. (2009), the international Trades legal aspects assist to offer a managerial perspectives and awareness regarding the legal implications. The specific action often assisted the Australian International Trade measures to increase its accessibility in the internal market segment. The study attempts to identify the legal aspects of international trade for an organisation which has the business operation in Australia. Considering the fact, the research associate has chosen the company, BHP Billiton Ltd., which is a multinational mining, metals and petroleum company. The regulatory framework of Australian government and the trade union has been identified in the current study to scrutinize the operational impact on t he company. Furthermore, identification of the treaties, conventions and the other agreements that have direct impact on the products and services offered by the multinational firm has been analysed in the present research. Body: BHP Billiton is a Melbourne based global mining company. The minerals segment of the company focusing on copper, coal, iron core and nickel in the Australian business that includes operations in Queensland, Westen Australia, South Australia and the New South Wales. In the addition, the operational capability and the technical expertise of BHP Billiton are the petroleum business that includes exploration, production and the development in the USA, Trinidad and Australia. As per the report of the Australian statistics, the number of employees of the firm was 43,238 in 2012, 46,892 in 2013 and 47,044 in 2014 (www.statista.com, 2016). According to the opinion of Cahoy (2008), the firm has a talented, dedicated and skilled workforce to contribute a better-standardised output. It has been speculated that due to some employment issues the company has reduced globally the number of employees, which was 42,829 in 2015 (www.statista.com, 2016). The global headquarters of BHP Billiton is locate d in Melbourne, Australia and London, UK. Fair trading rule both for the business and the customers are maintained by the statutory framework managed by the Australian government. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) indicate that BHP Billiton has to offer better quality products with affordable price for drawing the attention of the customers (www.bhpbilliton.com, 2016). Considering the words of Castles (2013), the firm could not produce below quality product range with low price for achieving the customers attention. This is also one of the tactics to avoid the overall tax payment. Thus, the government provides some strict rules and legislation for maintaining the product quality of the organisation. It has been identified that the Australian government has faced a budget deficit in the year of 2014 and 2015. The tax payers of Australia took advantage of "pay as you earn" introduced by the Australian Government (Barker, 2009). The business organisation also takes advantage of this particular law and in vests money on different properties. In this scenario, the government has tightened the rules to increase the number of the payers in Australia. Thus, the government of Australia instructs that the business organisations operating in the country have to pay 30% corporate tax depending on the income. Over the last three years, the Australian Parliament has passed a set of rule and legislation to constrict the rules of the income tax transfer pricing. Considering the opinion of Castles (2013), when a transaction occurs it needs to be made arms length price, to avoid any duplicity. This rule has been made by the Australian government. The law states that the pricing needs to be at par with the market rate. If any deviation occurs, the party would be charged. The recent trend shows that MNCs headquartered in Australia is doing this sort of unethical practice to avoid tax burden. To mitigate this discrepancy, the Australian government has imposed the pricing strategy. Hence, the prices charged have a direct impact on the level of the profits of each entity of the multinational organisation. Therefore, Richardson et al. (2015) stated that the BHP Billiton has to pay different amounts of tax in the respective countries. On the other hand, by applying the arms length principle, it is required for BHP Billiton to price the intra-group products and services between the associated business parties for contributing to the Australian economy. Considering the view of Barker et al. (2009), the concept of arms length transaction ensures both the parties who are involved in the deal and controls the parties as a multinational group. It has been observed that Australia has a national privacy legislation, which is supervised by the Office of the Australian Information Commission (OAIC). It regulates the operational activities of the business and store the personal information and communication (www.austrade.gov.au, 2016). BHP Billiton has to maintain the OAIC legislation in the workplace. Adding to this the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), it protects and manage the ecological community through offering a legal framework. The BHP Billiton CSG maintains the up-to-date pra ctices to adhere the EPBC Act. As per the opinion of Castles (2013), success in exploration, development and the other production activities is reinforced by the effective maintenance of the environmental rules. The management of BHP Billiton has managed to introduce certain systems that are entirely aligned with the legal treaties. The brand has also imposed effective controlling measures and operations that justify the viability of the implemented systems. Supporting this Richardson et al. (2015) stated that BHP has a sensitive planning and the effective project design to fulfil the requirement of the Australian Government treaties. Before approving the national environmental and cultural concerns, Australian Government Legislation governs the assessment process of the multinational organisation. Furthermore, the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) offers treaties for the imbalanced contract agreements. The consumer right is administered by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and the State and Territory consumer protection agencies of Australia (www.austrade.gov.au, 2016). Moreover, BHP Billiton has entered into a contract with Brazils Federal Attorney General, where the ma nagement claims to provide a compensation for the damage caused for the Samarco tragedy. Conclusion: The Australian government has made a sustainable path to balance the budget by incorporating several corporate for the business organisation. The government has introduced several responsible choices to ensure the overall impact of the new business policies. The mining firm, BHP Billiton adhered to all the rules measured by the Australian government to make the business execution easy. Moreover, adherence to Product liability regulation regulates the product safety of the firm, so that BHP can uphold the sustainable position in the Australian marketplace. References: 2016, S. (2016) Number of employees at BHP Billiton from 2012 to 2015, by region*. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/274234/number-of-employees-at-bhp-billiton-by-region/ (Accessed: 24 August 2016). Barker, R.M., Cobb, A.T. and Karcher, J. (2009) The legal implications of electronic document retention: Changing the rules, Business Horizons, 52(2), pp. 177186. Billiton, B. (2016) BHP Billiton results. Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/ (Accessed: 24 August 2016). Cahoy, D.R. (2008) Treating the legal side effects of cipro: are evaluation of compensation rules for government takings of patent rights, American Business Law Journal, 40(1), pp. 125175. Castles, M. (2013) Australia: Client CapacityInadequate rules and unpalatable choices, Legal Ethics, 16(2), pp. 367369. Commission, A.T. (2016) Australian business and environment laws. Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Guide-to-investing/Running-a-business/Understanding-Australian-business-regulation/Australian-business-and-environment-laws (Accessed: 24 August 2016). Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R. (2015) The impact of financial distress on corporate tax avoidance spanning the global financial crisis: Evidence from Australia, Economic Modelling, 44(12), pp. 4453. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G. (2014) Incentives for corporate tax planning and reporting: Empirical evidence from Australia, Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 10(1), pp. 115.

Mobile Social Media Marketing

Introduction Marketing professionals all over the world are constantly adjusting their business strategies to reach out to the ever-changing demands and needs of customers (Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck 2012, p. 1). With the modern day shift to adoption of media services in the concept of marketing, Khalifa and Shen (2008, p. 112) opine that mobility is rapidly becoming an ordinary way of life.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mobile Social Media Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Innovative business mind-sets that have effectively incorporated e-commerce in their marketing strategies view mobile social media marketing as the next best exhilarating business prospect that will enable businesses to relate to their customers successfully through new communication channels (Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck 2012, p. 1). Mobile social media marketing differentiates itself from other marketing mediums such as newsp apers, radio, and television. This arguably is due to its highly interactive nature supplied by web browser advantages and mobile device interfaces that make it possible to offer continuous access to prospective customers (Davis and Sajtos 2009, p. 16). These rare advantages effectively suffice as one of the most robust, dynamic, and personal mediums that continue to shape modern day marketing in all corners of the world (Jadhav, Kamble, and Patil 2012, p. 45). Mobile social media marking has the ability to integrate several forms of mobile device technology and practices such as the Internet, VoIP, mobile SMS, the Bluetooth, mobile e-mail, as well as concepts such as SMS marketing, mobile gaming, mobile advertising, and location based marketing (Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck 2012, p. 2). Why the shift towards mobile marketing As Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck (2012, p. 2) note, Mobile social media marketing taps abundantly into the massive reservoir of potentials that cut mobile ser vice provision across the globe. These provisions have become used commonplace with consumers of all ages and by customer personal mobile interfaces. In recent times, mobile social media marketing has been comprehensively discussed in modern day marketing ventures and has passed the test of management philosophy pigeonholed on its practices, principles, and strategies that underscores its consistent quality delivery.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of much consideration has been the increased employees involvement, employee empowerment, top management commitment, benchmarking, team spirit, rewards and recognitions, quality leadership, consistent feedback mechanism and a healthy liaison between companies and consumers, as well as between businesses and their suppliers (Jadhav, Kamble, and Patil 2012, p. 45). Most of the research on mobile social media marketing has majored i n the manufacturing sector. Lately, however, they have spread over the service industry and public administration, each of which has proved to have travelled a robust trajectory towards the empowerment of e-commerce (Abbass and Akram 2010, p 30). The advancements in the service sector, therefore, have occasioned the increased attention to the modern implementation of the mobile social constructs as better ways for companies to develop and enhance the global marketing trends. For corporations, therefore, this new shift in the marketing trends holds an appealing assurance of being in constant and direct touch with their clienteles, thus helping them to nurture a repeated and robust rapport with the potentiality of brand. The move amplifies sales with an express competitive advantage (Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck 2012, p. 2). In addition, given that the younger customers could be problematic to reach by means of traditional networks of communication. Mobile social media marketing read ily offers an effective appeal, especially with the increased need to reach out to the younger consumer segment (Gao, Sultan, and Rohm 2010, p. 578). This is because this consumer segment continues to be the brain behind the modern day business success. As such, they have to be lured in keeping with the social trends in the market (Jadhav, Kamble, and Patil 2012, p. 45). Challenges of mobile social media marketing Although mobile social media marketing hypothetically implies a prodigious deal of business opportunities, harnessing such possibilities continues to prove somewhat challenging (Aldà ¡s-Manzano, Ruiz-Mafà ©, and Sanz-Blas 2009, p. 745). Numerous obstacles relating to consumer behaviour continue to characterise it in ways that are yet to be resolved.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mobile Social Media Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Beck et al. (2008, p. 420) note, it is a forgone concl usion that a great number of consumers often have their mobile devices within reach, thereby establishing a robust network of communication between consumers and companies. Over time, the challenge that has characterised mobile social media marketing revolves around the hitches in linking these two entry points by developing a craving from the prospective consumers to generate access to their mobile devices, whereby such consumers not only gain privilege, but also confidence in the company (Aldà ¡s-Manzano, Ruiz-Mafà ©, and Sanz-Blas 2009, p. 745). The other challenge that is often encountered in the managing of the consumer’s interaction with the company’s communication facilities is whether this might be perceived as being explicitly intrusive on such mobile social media marketing platforms. These contests, according to Davis and Sajtos (2009, p. 15), are pointers that validate the fact that research into this particular zone is necessary, pertinent and well-timed. Trends in mobile social media marketing and change management It increasingly becomes very imperative for organisations to gain competitive advantage by nurturing a culture that guarantees businesses the ability to survive and manage change effectively (Jadhav, Kamble, and Patil 2012, p. 46). Mobile social media marketing trends, according to Cao and McHugh (2005, p. 475), warrant the drive to carry out commerce that seeks to explore the domains of developmental paradigms which are in pursuit of the ever-changing buyer behaviour, habits and consumerism in general. Trends in global trade offer valuable lenses through which organisational leaders with the necessary business zest could monitor their business growth, respond amicably to the demands and mitigate uncertainties within their business structures (Abbass and Akram 2010, p 30). These newfound marketing trends are particularly useful in the concept of organisational intelligence, knowledge management, organisational design, an d corporate strategy to reach out to the global consumers.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that the most widespread trends in the contemporary market are towards an all-pervasive and continuous change, as well as expanding the scope of interdependencies, close parallelism can be amicably drawn between the public and private sectors with the denominator being the propensity towards environmental change (Cao and McHugh 2005, p. 475). Within these considerations, private and public sector organisations seek to thwart the approaching turbulent environmental glitches that are characteristic of traditional marketing. These marketing glitches are contained by dramatic technological changes, as well as socio-economic and political developments that continue to shape global trade. In order to help shape, understand and manage change conduits and its processes more effectively, a comprehensive outlook of change management in global marketing often suffices as the best alternative in keeping with the ever changing market trends (Cao and McHugh 2005, p. 480). The essence of mob ile social media marketing Mobile social media marketing is a venture of management that is concerned primarily with supervising, designing and controlling processes within a production function. The essence of this is to transform business operations especially in light of producing goods while tendering services that seek to meet the demand of consumers’ needs anywhere at all times (Choi et al. 2008, p. 320). Mobile social media marketing as a concept of management, observe Bauer, Reichardt, Barnes, and Neumann (2005, p. 185), takes into consideration the responsibility of underscoring the efficacy of specific business functions that must be realised by way of using the limited resources as possible to meet customers’ satisfaction within a given timeline. This archetypical business venture is also concerned with the efficacy that involves the conversion of inputs such as raw materials, energy and labour into outputs such as goods and services (Bauer et al. 2005, p. 1 85). Succinctly, the essence of mobile social media marketing is its capacity to utilise capital and human resources such as technology and knowledge to convert raw materials and services into either tangible or intangible products in the forms of goods and services. The basis of mobile social media marketing is to design the systems that control an enterprise such as arranging the facilities, coming up with procedures that align the business with mobile device inventory acquisition and scheduling business tasks and outputs while providing a safe passage that guarantees the smooth sail of business towards customers. Standardisation lenses The modern day consumer views business organisations through the lenses of standardisation and businesses that explore the domains of mobile social media marketing as a way of reaching out to their customers, so it normally gets a head-start in the populous market niche (Bouhlel et al. 2009, p. 705). This is so due to the fact that such businessesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ products and services are usually available to the consumers at the click of a call button. Alternatively, prospective buyers could always browse, view and verify the specifications of a product or service offered by the company, thereby saving both time and money. To a spectacular advantage, the authors opine that prospective customers could make on-line requests and be served with various services and products instantaneously (How to make effective disclosures in digital advertising 2013, p. 1). Mobile social media marketing, just like any other business venture, as argued by Josler and Burner (2005, p. 5), falls under categorisation schemes that classifies it within the highly sought after business motifs. These consist of the conceptualisation of higher degree of communication, standardisation levels, production and service delivery functions, as well as entertainments (Kim, Kim, and Kil 2009, p. 142). Marketing within this business model, for example, offers tangible go ods that must reach out to consumers. As such, a distribution system is often upped to get them to their targeted destination. Service industries tend to deal directly with their customers, thus making distribution a less likely challenge at the behest. Here, the concern, however, is to make the services available to the consumers regardless of their global positioning and trends in time (Pisano and Shih 2009, p. 117). Broadly speaking, the focus is on what businesses can do in order to attain a high rate of production in a marketing function. According to recent research in this area, the high-involvement media services by businesses can, for example, create positive attitudes and spellbinding confidence on the part of consumers (Demchenko 2004, p. 24). Massey, Montoya-Weiss and O’Driscoll (2002, p. 275) and Soupata (2005, p. 25) concur that increased media marketing and its practices help generate the types of flexible behaviours that may lead to enhanced performance by bus inesses. Social media applications embrace a wide collection of elements including collaborating projects, content communities, social networking interfaces, and virtual worlds, which essentially continue to factor in within the standard repertoire of communication for many businesses (Kaplan 2012, p. 1). Currently, with the endowment of powerful mobile device to every consumer, several social media applications are gradually becoming mobile, as new entrants in the market persistently appear. Conclusion Mobile social media marketing is rapidly becoming the new face of modern world marketing trends allowing organisations in all parts of the world to effectively reach out to customers and meet their demands beforehand. For many businesses, it will continue to evolve as an integrating tool in communications and marketing strategies. The continued use of mobile social media marketing is expected to expand the scope of global buying and consumption trends for companies and consumers that embrace it. Although mobile social media marketing offers the ability to create new and impressive opportunities, it also comes with challenges including demands for a rapid shift in the thinking skills – especially about marketing mix and market measurement stratagems. Today, companies that are most effective in the frontiers of mobile social media marketing are not only experimenting with several business opportunities; they are equally empowered to create institutional metrics to quantify the impacts of their market energies. In the years to come, effective use of mobile social media tools for marketing will be guided by the very businesses that have the ability to enter into this promising relationship with consumers, employees, supplies, and other stakeholders. References Abbass, B., and Akram, I 2010, ‘Mobile marketing: Examining the impact of trust, privacy concern and consumers’ Attitudes on intention to purchase’, International Journal of Busines s and Management, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 28-41. Aldà ¡s-Manzano, J., Ruiz-Mafà ©, C., and Sanz-Blas, S 2009, ‘Exploring individual personality factors as drivers of M-shopping acceptance,’ Industrial Management and Data Systems, vol. 109, no. 8, pp. 739-757. Bauer, H. H., Reichardt, T., Barnes, S. J., and Neumann, M. M 2005, ‘Driving consumer acceptance of Mobile marketing: A theoretical framework and empirical study,’ Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 181-192. Beck, R., Beimborn, D., Weitzel, T., and Kà ¶nig, W 2008, ‘Network effects as drivers of individual technology adoption: Analyzing adoption and diffusion of mobile communication services,’ Information Systems Frontiers, vol. 10, no. 13, pp. 415-429. Bouhlel, O., Mzoughi, N., Hadiji, D., and Slimane, I. B 2009, ‘Brand Personality and Mobile Marketing: An empirical investigation,’ Proceedings of world academy of science, engineering and technology, vol . 41, no. 3, pp. 703-711. Cao, G., and McHugh, M 2005, ‘A systemic view of change management and its conceptual underpinnings’, Systemic Practice and Action Research, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 475-490. Choi, J., Seol, H., Lee, S., Cho, H., and Park, Y 2008, ‘Customer satisfaction factors of mobile commerce in Korea,’ Internet Research, vol.18, no. 3, pp. 313-335. Davis, R., and Sajtos, L 2009, ‘Anytime, anywhere: Measuring the ubiquitous consumer’s impulse purchase behavior,’ International Journal of Mobile Marketing. vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 15-23. Demchenko, Y 2004, ‘Virtual organizations in computer grids and identity management’ Information Security Technical Report. vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 59-76. Gao, T., Sultan, F., and Rohm, A. J 2010, â€Å"Factors influencing Chinese youth consumers’ acceptance of mobile marketing,† Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 27, pp. 574-583. How to make effective disclosures in digital advert ising 2013. Web. Jadhav, N., Kamble, S., and Patil, M 2012, ‘Social Media Marketing: The next generation of business trends’, Journal of Computer Engineering, vo. 2278, no. 8727, pp. 45-49. Josler, C. and Burner, J 2005, ‘Project Management methodology in human resource management’. College and University Professional Association for Human Resources. vol. 56, no. 2, 1-7. Kaplan, M 2012, ‘If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4Ãâ€"4,’ Business Horizons, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 129 – 139. Khalifa, M., and Shen, K. N 2008, ‘Drivers for Transactional B2C M-commerce Adoption: Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour,’ Journal of Computer Information Systems, vol. 48, no. 14, pp. 111-117. Kim, K., Kim, G. M., and Kil, E. S 2009, ‘Measuring the Compatibility Factors in Mobile Entertainment Service Adoption,’ Journal of Computer Information Systems, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 141-148. Lamar re, A., Galarneau, S. and Boeck, H 2012, ‘Mobile marketing and consumer behaviors current research trend’. Int. J. Latest Trends Computing, vol. 3, no. 201. pp. 1-9. Massey, A, Montoya-Weiss, M, and O’Driscoll, T 2002, ‘Knowledge Management In Pursuit Of Performance: Insights From Nortel Networks’, MIS Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 269-289. Pisano, G.P. and Shih, W.C 2009, ‘Restoring American competitiveness’. Harvard Business Review. vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 114-125. Soupata, L 2005, ‘Engaging employees in company success: The ups approach to a winning team’, Human Resource Management, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 95-98. This report on Mobile Social Media Marketing was written and submitted by user Maximilian Duke to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bruce campbell

Bruce campbell Bruce Campbell is an accomplished actor. His career started at the age of fourteen. Over the years he has appeared in a variety of acting roles, which have made him very well known.Bruce Campbell is forty-one years old and was born on June 22nd, 1958.(http:www.imdb.com) He is the youngest of three brothers, was born in Royal Oak, Michigan and has two children. He considers himself to have had a normal childhood in that he watched "Lost in Space" on television, dug tunnels in his back yard and ran around dressed up as Zorro. (http:www.bruce-campbell.com) Bruce started taking interest in acting at the age of eight when he saw how much fun his dad had while performing in local community theater. His first official acting job occurred at age fourteen when an actor who was to play the young prince in the "King and I" became ill and he stepped into the role.American Actor Bruce Campbell at the 2007 Scream A...

Finding a paper for my final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finding a paper for my final project - Essay Example Consequently, organizations have a chance of minimizing their IT based capital expenditures. Cloud computing services ensure that large and small organizations have the potential of attaining optimum IT based functionalities. These occur as the organizations face stiff competition and different government regulations on data-storage needs and computing. However, market factors and the management of the organizations may hinder or influence the engagement of the organizations in the cloud computing strategies. Such contributes in the reduction of the ability of organizations to engage in IT related infrastructure for business growth and improvement on competitive strength. Another key issue is the technical ability of the organization, which determines the potential of the organization to handle its cloud computing. This entails information sharing, cost savings, in-house degradation performance and the other associated performance over the in-house. Such depicts the trust level for the deployment of the effective cloud computing infrastructure, which makes the organization have the potential of achieving its success in the competitive business

Policy discussion paper (social work course) Essay

Policy discussion paper (social work course) - Essay Example those with disabilities, and their guardians, or helpers in assisting them to continue living independently at home, and ensuring their daily basic needs have been met (Government of Western Australia, 2012). Therefore, HACC support services include assistance with daily household activities, assistance in ensuring nutrition independence, strength and safety of these individuals, support to participate in either one-to one or group activities, assistance and support to ensure independent self care such as dressing, and assistance in carrying out essential activities such as banking, shopping, and maintaining in their social contacts (Government of Western Australia, 2012). The Home and Community Care (HACC) program is the main funded of home based care services in Australia. The program provides several services to the old people, the disabled people, and their guardians (Municipal Association of Victoria 2010, 15). HACC program was initiated in 1984 through an agreement with Commonwealth , State and Territories, and the Home and Community Care Act of 1985, in response to a report by the House of Representatives Standing Committee and Expenditure in 1982 (MAV 2010, 15). This program consolidated a number of separately funded State and Commonwealth programs, which include the Home Nursing Subsidy Act of 1957, the State Grants (Home care) Act of 1969, the Delivered Meals Subsidy Act of 1970, and the States Grants (paramedical Service) Act of 1969 (MAV 2010, 15). The program, however, started back in 1885 as the Royal District Nursing Services (RDNS) with a single nurse pertaining visits to homes of the sick poor, providing care to mothers with new born babies, and the frail aged,. Though HACC has a long history, there are two important aspects defining the program. Though HACC is a national program, each state is obligated to have a scope in building and developing their own programs to meet the needs of the state. For example, the Victorian government

Service Operations Management - Celebrity Cruises Case Study

Service Operations Management - Celebrity Cruises - Case Study Example Celebrity Cruises has an ambiguous strategy for marketing that lacks focus in attracting new customers and improving the loyalty of previous customers. First, celebrity Cruises must start by identifying clear marketing positions to source for additional potential customers. Secondly, their customer service is also failing them. Additionally, their services are getting old and need to be revitalized to attract new customers. Finally, their product also lacks consistency. To deal with these issues, Celebrity Cruises must alter its marketing strategy to place more emphasis on customer service. Pricing also requires to be changed to emphasize upgrades with added value rather than dollars off discounts. Finally, the employees need to be re-trained in customer service provision. Background The Chandris Group started celebrity Cruises in 1989 in Greece, originally as a shipping company. The company merged in 1997 with Royal Caribbean International to form the Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. in order for the two companies to target their particular market segments, the parent company decided to separate the two brand companies’ operations and marketing. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. ... However, given the highly competitive nature of the cruise shipping line industry, the marketing strategy employed by celebrity Cruises is, at best, indistinct since it finds it difficult to find ways of creating and maintaining customer loyalty while also working towards increasing revenues. Problem Statement Celebrity Cruises is in possession of a marketing strategy, which is ambiguous and that has no focus on attracting customers and fumbles with increasing or improving customer loyalty. Analysis Celebrity Cruises needs to develop aspects of their operations, as well as transform them if they are to increase their market share (Vogel et al 22). First, celebrity Cruises must start by identifying clear marketing positions to source for additional potential customers. While Celebrity cruises has done a commendable job in appealing to their prospective customers, their marketing initiatives still require to be fine-tuned and implemented. Celebrity cruises needs to be able direct their efforts at marketing towards the correct market segment, which, in this case, is the multi-generational market and baby-boomers market. Baby boomers make up a large population of United States with one-fourth of the population in the US being aged between forty two and sixty in 2006 (Vogel et al 24). Celebrity Cruises is also missing out by choosing not to market to the people in the thirty to forty age bracket. While this has the ability to alienate the older crowd who like travelling on cruise ships, there will be some classy ones in this generation who are already used to dining in fine restaurants and knowledgeable in theater etiquette. For this generation

The Formation Of The Pakistan Army History Essay

The Formation Of The Pakistan Army History Essay Pakistan came into being on 14 Aug 1947 as one country comprised mainly of contagious Muslim areas. Today even after more than sixty years down the line the country is struggling to become a nation. Pakistans army has had the distinction of holding of reigns of the country for more than thirty-eight years. Martial law regimes have come up in Pakistan in spite of democratically elected governments, the Army continued to exercise control even when civilians were titular rulers of Pakistan. There are many possible questions as to why the Pakistan army is so different then the Indian Army although both the armies share a similarity in cultural heritage and an inherited legacy of political neutrality from the British. . How and under what circumstances did Pakistan Army gained such colossal proportion of importance in the social fabric of Pakistan so as to be the major factor in deciding the policies, relations and thus the destiny of Pakistan in the new world order. Army in Pakistan gained importance which continued to grow steadily, maybe after the first instance of employment of Army for internal security problem on 06 mar 1953,the place was Lahore. The situation was brought under control within two days. The soldiers were withdrawn on 14 May and two days later Dawn newspaper commented that Memories of the Army rule in Lahore will linger for a long time to come and a new look that Lahore has acquired and the sense of discipline among its people inculcated by the Army will bear eloquent testimony to the good work done by Maj Gen Azam Khan and his men. This probably was the building block through which Pakistan Army got itself entrenched to seats of power in future. Many scholars have also raised the question of the age old problem of humankind that is economics driving the force behind the Pakistan Army being reluctant to give away its stake in power.The initial patriotism changed to self sustenance and then to safeguard the vital economic interests of the army. Over the years we have seen that Pakistan has been able to force the world opinion and aid towards itself as per Dr Philip Colhn pakistan is a nation which puts barrel a pistol on its head and demands aid,help otherwise it would shoot itself. This argument merits considerstion as due to its unique geopolitical position it has become a major player and a strategic partner for the sole superpower USA in the fight against terror. The crux of the problem are the bribes the Pakistani military establishment openly seeks from the international community for any move on its part whether it is to help rein in Taliban or severe its institutional support to India directed terror groups. Another point which drives the behavior of Pakistan is that it has to live with the fact that it lacks strategic depth and so it has raised its stakes in Afghanistan which it considers its strategic depth and the militant outfits operating with the blessings of Pakistan Army,more in particular of ISI are also considered as strategic partners which would come to play when the need arises. METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem The Pak Army traditionally preoccupied itself with political, social, economic security concerns of the nation. It started with Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan ( 17 Jan 1951 Apr 1969) since then there has been many instances when power was bestowed on civil regimes but due to their corruption and mis governance people of Pakistan turned back to their Army leadership for solace. The role of the Pakistan army in politics, is contributing to dissonance with India. Hypothesis The army has been supreme power centre and has played its role in all the major time lines in the history of the nation irrespective of the global and geo strategic positions prevailing at that time. The foreign policies and political issues are dictated to a certain extent by the GHQ. This role of Pakistan army in politics, especially in the present sub-continental context, is the major cause of dissonance with India. Justification of the Study The Pakistan Army has been able to influence the political, social and religious aspirations of the people of Pakistan. In doing so it has been able to justify its involvement in almost all spheres of the governance .As a powerful organization ,it has been able to present a picture to the population that in the present scenario it is the only organization in Pakistan which can safeguard the nations integrity and security from the biggest enemy, India. This study proposes to see the correlation between the Army and the governance and power structure of Pakistan further if its this mindset is the root cause of dissonance with India. Scope The study will deal with the historical backdrop and the symbiotic relationship which has emerged between civil and military relations in Pakistan. The role played by army in politics and its subsequent effect on relations with India. The study will cover the military regimes in brief along with the three wars and the proxy war in Kashmir resulting in fomenting trouble against India . Method of Data Collection The means and sources of gathering information , which would assisted in completing this paper are appended below:- guest speakers . Articles of significance in Indian and Pakistani newspapers. Periodicals and Journals. Books written by various writers in the subject. A bibliography of the above means and sources is appended at the end of the text. Organisation of the Dissertation In the course of the dissertation, the subject is proposed to be analysed in the following parts: (a) Chapter II. Historical Perspective of Pak Army Ideology. (b) Chapter III. Pak Failed Democracy or State (c) Chapter IV. Wars with India, their impact on policy formulation.. (d) Chapter V. Civil Military Relations and their dynamics. (e) Chapter VI. Influence Of Pak Army On Relations With India. (f) Conclusion. (g) Bibliography CHAPTER II HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PAKISTAN ARMY IDEOLOGY As we look into the events that unfolded after 14 Aug 1947we would come to the conclusion that very few nations come into existence as India and Pakistan came into being. The partition of British india into two independent nations of India and Pakistan has a long and sorrow saga of violence, mistrust, betrayal and a sense of unfullfillment Of the objectives for which this division was sought by their political leaders. The initial problems have continued till date and there is little hope for a peaceful, permanent solution.The problems which have become a more or less a permanent feature in relations between the two countries are (a) The territorial claims of J K (b) Disproportionate arms acquisition as seen by each other. (c) Nuclear Status. (d) Partition of undivided India. The partition of British India also included division of the Army between India and Pakistan.The war department was split on 19 July 1947 and many units began moving components to the destinations on either side of the border. The task was not an easy one as the numbers were large the British Indian Army was 400,000 strong.It was decided that Indian Army would get 2,60,000 with balance allotted to Pakistan. Out of the twenty nine infantry regiments Pakistan received eight a similar ratio of division took place in other fighting arms. The transformation was not easy and in most of the cases it ended in sorrow while in some cases it ended in slaughter although it was not of a soldier killing a fellow soldier. Creation of a new stste did not have an auspicious beginning. It is not surprising that the distrust engendered by mass slaughter has continued to linger on even today. Another reason for the distrust formulated in the psyche of the Pakistan was the fact that in the middle of chaos and terror the newborn armies had a tough and challenging task of creating a balanced fighting forces.India got a large proportion of base installation as most of the stores, depots were located within India.It had been worked out that 170,000 tons of equipment and stores were to be dispatched to Pakistan in 300 train loads actually Pakistan only received three railway wagon loads from India containing obsolete or useless items such as prophylactics left over from early treatment centers set up during the Second World War in Burma as recalled by General Gul Hassan . This denial of equipment to Pakistan contributed to the rapid souring of relations. The territories were to be distributed by two commissions chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, an eminent jurist who lacked knowledge about the subcontinent. Mountbatten the then Viceroy of British India is supposedly to have used all his charm to persuade the rulers of approximate 500 independent Princely States to accede to India rather than to Pakistan. He succeeded but with three exceptions of Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir.The Nawab of Junagarh immediately after partition declared accession to Pakistan it was within Indian territory so it accession was not practicable ,as it had only 20 percent muslim population its accession was not logical either. Hyderabad was also a similar problem as 86 per cent of its population was hindu but Kashmir was a muslim dominated state with a hindu ruler who wanted to be independent. Thus amidst this chaos India did military action in Junagarh after its Nawab fled to Pakistan .The Nizam of Hyderabad Osman Ali had not decided to opt for either of the countries the and there was a standstill which lasted till 13 september 1947 when Indian troops took over the state. Thus,in two of the desputed territories there had been solutions one in Junagarh involved plebiscite favouring India and other at Hyderabad involving military action .The problem of Kashmir was similar but was not solved and has led to was and tension between two countries since then. The actions by India in Junagarh, Hyderabad and the Kashmir dispute had a very negative effect in the general psyche of Pakistan towards India who now came to be seen as a nation which could use force to re-unite the subcontinent. This fear was the initial trigger in formulation of policies within Pakistan and was instrumental in deciding its international policies and relations .We can argue that these notions were not correct and an extension of imagination by Pakistan but it should be remembered that when it was critical for Pakistan to stabilize its internal situation India ,although was also doing the same inside its territories ,was insensitive and committed actions without taking Pakistan into confidence thus augmented Pakistans fears against India. In view of the above arguments it is clear that the problems and the inadvertent actions by India to solve then coupled with the scars of a bloody partition made Pakistan security conscious and its leaders were of the opinion that with a large neighbour who doe not hesitate to use force Pakistans territorial integrity was at a risk. This formulated the foundation of Pakistan policies to be formulated and followed. The policy of leaders, whether civil or military, was to strengthen defense of Pakistan at all conditions and cost. The chaos and internal problems made the political elected representatives dependent on the bureaucracy to run the administration and on the army to safeguard territorial integrity of the nation and maintain law and order . The army should only be called for maintenance of law and order duties only in exceptional cases but in Pakistan it became a regular feature and paved the way for future role which the Army had to play. Although Indian and Pakistani armies had a common origin in the old British Indian Army their employment and conduct differed drastically some differences are :- (a) Pakistan Army has been ruling the nation for more than 32 years since it attained independence and so it has acquired great influence and powers within the politics and society. (b) The Pakistan army was created from scratch and it led to a mixed legacy of pride and bitterness at having to create a virtually new army in the face of active Indian hostility. (c) The basis of creaton of Pakistan was to created as an Islamic state, so its army had to adapt to Islamic principles and practices and used it to build upon its strength. (d) After partition the responsibility of the defence of the North West Frontier Provinces was that of Pakistan , changing its entire strategic outlook. The unique feature of composition of Pakistan Army is that it is dominated by Punjabi Muslims. The Pakistan army had something like 60 percent Punjabi Muslims and the next bigger chunk from the North West Frontier Province. Thus, the army came to be dominated by the Punjabi-Pathan, psyche and culture of defiance, unwillingness to accept defeat, and not accepting responsibility for it by transferring it to someone else, further an urge to dominate, certain recklessness and a deep desire for revenge. As has already been mentioned that Punjabi Muslim officers formed the majority of the Offr cadre and thus acquired a influential position in the newly formed state of Pakistan: they stressed that the intrinsic worth of Pakistan was the Islamic character of Pakistan this was in turn to be reflected in the Islamic character of the military. They propagated , the history of Pakistan had its origin to Muslim dominance in South Asia and Pakistanis were natural conquerors of the region as their purer religion was an asset and their aggressive character. These beliefs led to the belief of the supremacy of Pakistani martial classes over Hindu India. Since its inception the military rulers have had a great say in formulating policies ,laws which shaped Pakistans destiny. The Army is dominated by Punjabis which come from affluent land lord ,industrial class ,these classes traditionally have been the ruling elite thus the Army officers belonging to these regards military ascendancy of politics not only as a right but as a duty as well. The degree to which military represent interests of others is a debatable issue further , the army has steadily extended its field to include protection of the national ideology, as per its own interpretation . Under Zia ideology of Pakistan being a Muslim state changed, in due course of time, to an Islamic polity and now it has further changed to Pakistan being a nation of enlightened moderation. General Zias Islamisation campaign affected both Pakistani society and the Army Zia tried to build a more puritanical and devout Army and allowed some religious groups like Tabligh e Jamat .to become acti ve in the Army.He was also the first Army Chief to attend the annual conventions of this group.Zia religion to be integrated in the syllabus of the staff college and encouraged the study of Islams teachings regarding the conduct of war. The unquestionable military professionalism of the Pakistan army is resultant of the fighting traditions and natural instincts of people of North-West India. The problem of Pakistan Army is that it has a constricted base of its recruitment, and a far larger role is played by tribal and clan factor which tend to deal with proficient matters in a similar manner which on a hindsight is constricted ethnic viewpoint. This clan background increases the stress to prove that one is more courageous and aggressive than the other, with little consideration to the cost of such action an institute like would have to pay and an example of such foolhardiness in Pakistan Army can be that of the Kargil misadventure undertaken by it on such considerations. The Pakistan army guards their integrity , protects their position in the society, and wants to protect a foundation or an idea since the day Pakistan was created. Further it has been dynamic in establishment of internal law and order. Furthermore, it has forever regarded itself as the special expression of the idea of Pakistan, and a few officers have advocated an activist role in reforming the society where it has fallen below the standard of excellence set by the military. The professionalism of the Pakistan army has been strongly influenced by the philosophy of Pakistan. During 1980s the army began to assume the role of the only defender of the countrys ideological frontiers. This resulted in change in the social culture of the army, and its officer corps. The Pak army officer corps influences the defense policy as well as politics of Pakistan. The military has maintained its supremacy in politics has been successfully projecting itself as saviours of the state, it has laid claim of the sole agency capable of promoting and safeguarding national integration and prevailing only when it becomes necessary to prevent collapse. Post independence, the Pakistan army identified and stressed that Islam was a unifying force. There are regular attempts by military think tanks to decrease the degree of influence of British Indian army patterns and the need to alter as per Islamic principles. A Lieutenant General involved with training in the army states , Islam is a religion in which certain amount of regimentation is germane. You have a system, a core, so basically therefore, for a Muslim, as I see it; he gets a certain orientation, a certain organisation and a certain discipline. General Zia tried to change the ethos of the army, making Islamic custom and teachings part of the armys day-to-day activities. He changed the motto of the army from Jinnahs Unity, Faith and Discipline to Iman, Taqwa, Jihad fi Sabeelillah (Faith, Obedience of God and Struggle in the Path of Allah) and even allowed members of the fundamentalist Tableeghi Jamaat to preach at the PMA. Many Muslim officers had to choose between India and Pakistan during partition and a fairly large number chose this option. Most probably they thought that they would have more opportunities in an Islamic state vis a vis a secular democracy having a Hindu majority. The occurrence of partition established the worst doubt of these officers. It taught Pakistani officers one basic rule: trust no one in a situation of a Hindu or Sikh vs. Muslim and take nothing for granted, except when you have the force to defend yourself. This suspicion (but not fear) of communal enemies was imprinted on the psyches of almost all officers in the new Pakistan army. Later the distribution of military stores and non receipt of the promised stores from India, Indian actions in Kashmir,Junagarh and Hyderabad, made Pakistan officers formulate a sense of distrust and perception- real or imagined that India was dishonest in its dealings especially when it come to Pakistan are part of the inheritance of the present-day Pakistan army. Pakistani officers of subsequent generations believe in this mistrust of India as a primary postulation, which is as true as the formulation of their country and it would take a herculean effort of both sides to completely erase this belief from the subconscious mind. . Pakistan Army is perceived to be a highly motivated and a disciplined organisation. The people have conventionally shown great admiration, even high regard, for its officers and soldiers, who have time and again performed when the time of reckoning, come. On the other hand the military leadership has frequently let the military and the country down. Slowly, respect, has been replaced by a feeling of fear and hatred and has generated dialogue on the army and its role in the countrys polity. During the Zia regime in the late 1980s, people were so fed up with the uniform and its interference in daily life that many Army officers desisted going in public places in uniform . During 1990s, hatred of the military was due to the fact that the army was seen encroaching into the commercial life of the cities and even agriculture.Even during the time Musharraf was in power People minced no words when it came to criticizing the military but they taked within the four walls of their houses.They adjusted to the military rule which it seems to have become habit of sorts.

Civil Disobedience: The Curious Case of Edward Snowden :: Civil Disobedience

More than six months after first sending shockwaves through the world, Edward Snowden is alive, not imprisoned, and still making daily headlines. A former National Security Agency contractor, Snowden was responsible for revealing to the American public the existence of enormous, secret governmental surveillance programs, tactics that irrefutably border unconstitutionality. He gave up his freedom and ultimately his way of life in revealing how the NSA was harvesting and storing global phone records and text messages, the majority sent by ordinary American citizens. Snowden voluntarily broke the law and publically took credit for his leaks, rallying behind his core belief that mass surveillance undermines the fundamental right to privacy. He felt obligated to warn his fellow countrymen that their freedom â€Å"to speak and to think and to live† was potentially being threatened, and was thus compelled to release the classified information to which he had access to, regardless of consequences. Believing that he had â€Å"done nothing wrong,† he maintains that it was absolutely necessary to inform the public that they were being victimized. While he acted alone, Snowden hopes that his actions will encourage a larger movement amongst the populace, especially other technologists, to pressure the government into reconsidering its national security platform. An essential feature of civil disobedience is nonviolence, a factor that Snowden and King similarly endorsed. Both assumed activist roles and looked to bring nationwide attention to their causes, but in no way did they promote an outbreak of violence, which they felt would prove detrimental. However, this did not stop the two from knowingly breaking the law, as each maintained that they possessed the right to defy authority due to the obvious presence of social injustice.

A Filipino Dish Called Kare-Kare Essay

In general, Filipinos are known to be food lovers. This results in varieties of recipes that were either borrowed or produced. And among these is one of the most popular Filipino dishes named â€Å"Kare-kare†. But why â€Å"Kare-kare†? What does it possess that others are lacking? Well, to know the reason behind this, let me bring you to the colourful world of â€Å"Kare-kare† dish. From a far, you can feel the heat coming from the pot as the pork leg bathes itself in hot water. It is showered with salt and vetsin. Now, as the pork leg softens and feels comfortable inside, a cup of red, thick atsuete starts to flow around it. And looking like a painter’s colour palette, the golden ground peanut and white ground rice mixed with the river of atsuete, covering the entire pot surface. The tub then becomes more attractive and vivid, catching the attention of Mr. Green string beans, Ms. Banana bud, the leafy chinese cabbage, and the ever elegant purple eggplant to jump over. â€Å"Plok†¦ plok†¦ plok†, you can hear as the nutritious vegetables dive inside the world of â€Å"Kare-kare†. So pleasurable! But wait, there’s more. Accompanying this delicious and beautiful dish is a cup of bagoong embellished with chopped liempo. The tenderness of liempo and saltiness of bagoong perfectly match the â€Å"Kare-kare† recipe which will surely leave you asking for more. Satisfying right? Indeed this popular Filipino cuisine is very nutritious and more colourful. It is original and will not only feed your mind and your stomach, but will also wake up your love for the Philippines. Try to share it with others, perhaps to your family or friends, and I’m sure they will feel exactly the same way as you and I do even while just reading this essay. So what are you waiting for? Stop imagining and start cooking your â€Å"Kare-kare†. ———————————————————————————————————————————————————– List of References Del Rosario, M. (2011, November 24). Filipino Recipe – Kare-kare . MM Del Rosario on HubPages. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://mmdelrosario. hubpages. com/hub/kare-kare-recipe Kare-Kare, Kare-Kareng Pata ng Baboy ~ Overseas Pinoy Cooking. (2009, September 9). Overseas Pinoy Cooking. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www. overseaspinoycooking. net/2009/09/kare-kare-kare-kareng-pata-ng-baboy. html.

AIDS Research Paper essays

AIDS Research Paper essays What is AIDS and how is it spread? Around the world, AIDS has been a top killer for many people throughout the 20th century and is spread numerous ways. Scientist have been hard at work for years to find a cure for AIDS, but only have been able to find ways to treat it. AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is a human viral disease that corrupts the immune system, shutting down the bodys ability to defend itself from infection and disease. Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), AIDS leaves an infected person subject able to infections. Most infections are harmless in healthy people, but people with AIDS can dies from those same infections. There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs available to prolong life spans and improve the quality of infected people.(Encyclopedia Britannica) Someone who is infected with HIV doesnt always have AIDS, as the deadly disease sometimes takes 10 or more years to escalate to that life threatening stage. The most common way to contact and spread HIV is by having sex with an infected person. Genital, Anal, and Oral sex all put you at risk of catching HIV. The virus is in the infected persons vaginal fluids and semen. It makes its way into the bloodstream by passing through openings in the mucous membrane, which is the tissue that covers the inside of the mouth, vagina, and rectum. HIV is most commonly transmitted through homosexual men in the United States and Canada.(Encyclopedia Britannica) HIV amongst heterosexual men and women is increasing as the years go on. In other parts of the world, HIV is mostly transmitted through heterosexual sex. HIV can also be spread from a mother to a baby while still in the womens uterus or during childbirth.(Adams, Jad.) HIV can be spread through the mothers breast milk as well. Mother-to-child transmission makes up for almost 90 percent of all...

Losing herself by Losing Weight †Creative Writing Story

Losing herself by Losing Weight – Creative Writing Story Free Online Research Papers Losing herself by Losing Weight Creative Writing Story In Grade Eight, the lessons were heavier than last year, and I spent more time on my study. Luckily, my mark is not so bad. Alicia found her boyfriend- a school-famous boy, called Will. He is not only good looking, but also the president of Student Council. In addition, he was born from an extremely rich family. Lots of girls scrambled to be his girlfriend, I thought even Backstreet Boy come to my school couldn’t be as popular as him. He was so scrupulous. When he knew Alicia got a cold, then he asked his driver taking some advanced medicine to her immediately. After P.E. classes, we often could find a glass of water on her desk. She immersed into love’s sea. Every girl who had a boyfriend in my grade envied Alicia so much. Alicia knew clearly that having this brilliant boyfriend was a challenge to her. Because she was not the most beautiful girl in my school and she thought her looking and body were much better than her. The worse, Will had one time pointed out that Alicia was a little bit fat, then she often mentioned she needed to keep fit. In order to keep his heart, Alicia began to reduce her savor, she refused to eat rice and only eat vegetable. Before she ate it, the vegetable might be soaked in water in order to get rid of the oil. When she was having supper, she often only ate an apple. Usually, she would eat raw carrot or cucumber as her breakfast. Oh, my god! In my mind, that’s worse than African refugees. The African had no food but they wanted to eat; to contrary, she had food but didn’t want to eat. I thought her losing weight plan was approaching abnormal. Gradually, she reached her aim, but her face’s colour turned to sallow from rubicund, like the withered grass in autumn. The worse, her menses didn’t come on time. She was not energetic as before. I was afraid that she might be faint anytime and her health couldn’t burden heavy study. She was losing herself. Being an outsider, I had thousands question marks in my brain about her behavior. In a Friday evening, when I was preparing my contest for next day, Alicia was staying at school for spending the weekend with her boyfriend. The room only had two. I finally found a chance to solve my doubt that had hidden so long, like the wine storied in the cellar for a century. â€Å"Alicia, is the raw carrot delicious?† I suspected asked. â€Å"If I tell you it is, then that’s lying you, but when you think about its purpose, that would be completely different. It likes a motivation to push you. â€Å"Push?† â€Å"Yes! When you meet your Mr. Right, you would understand my feeling.† â€Å"Alicia, you are still young, how you can decide your Mr. Right rashly? Are you sure that he is your best man? I think you had better spend more time on your study right now.† â€Å"Michelle, you can study at anytime and everywhere, but you can’t find your lover anytime. When he appears, you must speak out, or you would compunctious forever. You should know how to grab him, because you don’t know when he would appear again.† â€Å"Where did you learn it?† I was a little bit surprise that she would speak out such profound thing. â€Å"However, I won’t learn it from the text book.† â€Å"You mean book is not important to you any more?† â€Å"So what?† I was silent. Do you know that the volcano was extraordinary quite before erupt? I just had that feeling. â€Å"Hey, Alicia, time to get up, or you would miss having breakfast with Will.† After I brushed my teeth and washed the face, she still slept on the bed. I still remember that scene, she slept so quite, like the Egyptian mummy had slept for thousand years in the pyramid. Her hands were so cold, and her lips were purple. â€Å"Don’t trick me! Alicia! Wake up! Wake up!† I desperately swayed her. â€Å"Oh, no.† I rushed out of dormitory and shouted. Fortunately, Alicia was sent to hospital on time and the doctor told me in private that it was caused by over lose weight and serious lack of nutrition. When she was in dormitory, she had stupefied deeply. If I sent her to hospital in few hours later, she would probably sleep forever. I was startled and petrified. Love can let a healthy girl into the hospital! Is love worth doing so much for it? Yep, love is a bottomlem pit, it pushes the infatuation teenagers into the death. The news liked a flying bird, it dispersed everywhere. Lots of students laughed Alicia in private, especially the girls who didn’t like Alicia be Mrs. President. I didn’t divulge a word to her. She stayed in hospital a week, and then went home to have a rest. During the time, Will didn’t call her. I found there were some girls instead of Alicia around him. I was scared telling this to her. I was afraid that she would be crazy. When I called her each time, this poor Alicia always asked me how her boyfriend was, and asked me if student council had any activity like she was the real president of student council. When I response yes, she sounded excited and gave plentiful of suggestions and let me to tell him. When I asked her about her health, she replied: â€Å"Tell Will that don’t worry about me. I will be back soon.† The day when Alicia came back, I received a note from Will. I took it happily to her, because I though it might be a dating note. God knows, this note made me couldn’t close eye in that night. â€Å"Ah!† Alicia suddenly cried loudly. â€Å"What’s wrong?† Katherine and I hugged her at once. She passed the note to us. It said: â€Å"Alicia, I think we had better separate, because I don’t like you too thin.† â€Å"I need the wine. Where is the wine? I want to drink. I don’t want to think. What is wrong with me? It’s him, he said I was too fat, but now he abandoned me first because I was too thin. Michelle, Katherine, do you think I am too thin? Shit! I treat everyone so well, I treat him even better than myself. I can do anything for him, even killed myself. Why? Where is the wine? Michelle, please buy some drinks to me. You can’t understand how my heart hurt I was now. I want to die. Help me!† â€Å"Wu†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she sobbed. She was out of control. She threw pillow, threw the bedding. â€Å"It’s he, he told me he loved me, he wanted to marry me. I want to die. Michelle, I hate you. If you don’t send me to hospital, if you let me continue sleeping, then I won’t awake, then I will live in his heart, then he can remember me forever, remember what I have done for him, then I won’t face this hard situation. Why? Why don’t you let me die?† â€Å"Wu†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That night was a sleepless night. I lay on my bed. Alicia’s word like the movie scene kept showing in my mind. I found that if the boys treat their girlfriends well a little bit, the girls would devote all their love to their lovers. They would do everything for their boyfriends, they want to share everything with their boyfriends, they even would dream to marry their boyfriend, they would scarify everything for their boyfriends. Was it worth? Love wasn’t asked one side to contribute and then the other side to receive. Love didn’t ask you to lost yourself, but encourage you love yourself more. Only you know how to love yourself, then you had a right to love the other person, then your lover knows how to love you, and you can get more love. If a person even doesn’t know how to love herself, she didn’t have a right to ask for love. Because you didn’t love yourself, how can you require your boyfriend love you? Alicia, why you were so silly? Some times, you love deeper; you might be hurt more seriously. My dear Alicia, if you only learn the knowledge from the book, then you wouldn’t be abandoned. 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