Mobile Social Media Marketing

Introduction Marketing professionals all over the world are constantly adjusting their business strategies to reach out to the ever-changing demands and needs of customers (Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck 2012, p. 1). With the modern day shift to adoption of media services in the concept of marketing, Khalifa and Shen (2008, p. 112) opine that mobility is rapidly becoming an ordinary way of life.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mobile Social Media Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Innovative business mind-sets that have effectively incorporated e-commerce in their marketing strategies view mobile social media marketing as the next best exhilarating business prospect that will enable businesses to relate to their customers successfully through new communication channels (Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck 2012, p. 1). Mobile social media marketing differentiates itself from other marketing mediums such as newsp apers, radio, and television. This arguably is due to its highly interactive nature supplied by web browser advantages and mobile device interfaces that make it possible to offer continuous access to prospective customers (Davis and Sajtos 2009, p. 16). These rare advantages effectively suffice as one of the most robust, dynamic, and personal mediums that continue to shape modern day marketing in all corners of the world (Jadhav, Kamble, and Patil 2012, p. 45). Mobile social media marking has the ability to integrate several forms of mobile device technology and practices such as the Internet, VoIP, mobile SMS, the Bluetooth, mobile e-mail, as well as concepts such as SMS marketing, mobile gaming, mobile advertising, and location based marketing (Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck 2012, p. 2). Why the shift towards mobile marketing As Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck (2012, p. 2) note, Mobile social media marketing taps abundantly into the massive reservoir of potentials that cut mobile ser vice provision across the globe. These provisions have become used commonplace with consumers of all ages and by customer personal mobile interfaces. In recent times, mobile social media marketing has been comprehensively discussed in modern day marketing ventures and has passed the test of management philosophy pigeonholed on its practices, principles, and strategies that underscores its consistent quality delivery.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of much consideration has been the increased employees involvement, employee empowerment, top management commitment, benchmarking, team spirit, rewards and recognitions, quality leadership, consistent feedback mechanism and a healthy liaison between companies and consumers, as well as between businesses and their suppliers (Jadhav, Kamble, and Patil 2012, p. 45). Most of the research on mobile social media marketing has majored i n the manufacturing sector. Lately, however, they have spread over the service industry and public administration, each of which has proved to have travelled a robust trajectory towards the empowerment of e-commerce (Abbass and Akram 2010, p 30). The advancements in the service sector, therefore, have occasioned the increased attention to the modern implementation of the mobile social constructs as better ways for companies to develop and enhance the global marketing trends. For corporations, therefore, this new shift in the marketing trends holds an appealing assurance of being in constant and direct touch with their clienteles, thus helping them to nurture a repeated and robust rapport with the potentiality of brand. The move amplifies sales with an express competitive advantage (Lamarre, Galarneau, and Boeck 2012, p. 2). In addition, given that the younger customers could be problematic to reach by means of traditional networks of communication. Mobile social media marketing read ily offers an effective appeal, especially with the increased need to reach out to the younger consumer segment (Gao, Sultan, and Rohm 2010, p. 578). This is because this consumer segment continues to be the brain behind the modern day business success. As such, they have to be lured in keeping with the social trends in the market (Jadhav, Kamble, and Patil 2012, p. 45). Challenges of mobile social media marketing Although mobile social media marketing hypothetically implies a prodigious deal of business opportunities, harnessing such possibilities continues to prove somewhat challenging (Aldà ¡s-Manzano, Ruiz-Mafà ©, and Sanz-Blas 2009, p. 745). Numerous obstacles relating to consumer behaviour continue to characterise it in ways that are yet to be resolved.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mobile Social Media Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Beck et al. (2008, p. 420) note, it is a forgone concl usion that a great number of consumers often have their mobile devices within reach, thereby establishing a robust network of communication between consumers and companies. Over time, the challenge that has characterised mobile social media marketing revolves around the hitches in linking these two entry points by developing a craving from the prospective consumers to generate access to their mobile devices, whereby such consumers not only gain privilege, but also confidence in the company (Aldà ¡s-Manzano, Ruiz-Mafà ©, and Sanz-Blas 2009, p. 745). The other challenge that is often encountered in the managing of the consumer’s interaction with the company’s communication facilities is whether this might be perceived as being explicitly intrusive on such mobile social media marketing platforms. These contests, according to Davis and Sajtos (2009, p. 15), are pointers that validate the fact that research into this particular zone is necessary, pertinent and well-timed. Trends in mobile social media marketing and change management It increasingly becomes very imperative for organisations to gain competitive advantage by nurturing a culture that guarantees businesses the ability to survive and manage change effectively (Jadhav, Kamble, and Patil 2012, p. 46). Mobile social media marketing trends, according to Cao and McHugh (2005, p. 475), warrant the drive to carry out commerce that seeks to explore the domains of developmental paradigms which are in pursuit of the ever-changing buyer behaviour, habits and consumerism in general. Trends in global trade offer valuable lenses through which organisational leaders with the necessary business zest could monitor their business growth, respond amicably to the demands and mitigate uncertainties within their business structures (Abbass and Akram 2010, p 30). These newfound marketing trends are particularly useful in the concept of organisational intelligence, knowledge management, organisational design, an d corporate strategy to reach out to the global consumers.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that the most widespread trends in the contemporary market are towards an all-pervasive and continuous change, as well as expanding the scope of interdependencies, close parallelism can be amicably drawn between the public and private sectors with the denominator being the propensity towards environmental change (Cao and McHugh 2005, p. 475). Within these considerations, private and public sector organisations seek to thwart the approaching turbulent environmental glitches that are characteristic of traditional marketing. These marketing glitches are contained by dramatic technological changes, as well as socio-economic and political developments that continue to shape global trade. In order to help shape, understand and manage change conduits and its processes more effectively, a comprehensive outlook of change management in global marketing often suffices as the best alternative in keeping with the ever changing market trends (Cao and McHugh 2005, p. 480). The essence of mob ile social media marketing Mobile social media marketing is a venture of management that is concerned primarily with supervising, designing and controlling processes within a production function. The essence of this is to transform business operations especially in light of producing goods while tendering services that seek to meet the demand of consumers’ needs anywhere at all times (Choi et al. 2008, p. 320). Mobile social media marketing as a concept of management, observe Bauer, Reichardt, Barnes, and Neumann (2005, p. 185), takes into consideration the responsibility of underscoring the efficacy of specific business functions that must be realised by way of using the limited resources as possible to meet customers’ satisfaction within a given timeline. This archetypical business venture is also concerned with the efficacy that involves the conversion of inputs such as raw materials, energy and labour into outputs such as goods and services (Bauer et al. 2005, p. 1 85). Succinctly, the essence of mobile social media marketing is its capacity to utilise capital and human resources such as technology and knowledge to convert raw materials and services into either tangible or intangible products in the forms of goods and services. The basis of mobile social media marketing is to design the systems that control an enterprise such as arranging the facilities, coming up with procedures that align the business with mobile device inventory acquisition and scheduling business tasks and outputs while providing a safe passage that guarantees the smooth sail of business towards customers. Standardisation lenses The modern day consumer views business organisations through the lenses of standardisation and businesses that explore the domains of mobile social media marketing as a way of reaching out to their customers, so it normally gets a head-start in the populous market niche (Bouhlel et al. 2009, p. 705). This is so due to the fact that such businessesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ products and services are usually available to the consumers at the click of a call button. Alternatively, prospective buyers could always browse, view and verify the specifications of a product or service offered by the company, thereby saving both time and money. To a spectacular advantage, the authors opine that prospective customers could make on-line requests and be served with various services and products instantaneously (How to make effective disclosures in digital advertising 2013, p. 1). Mobile social media marketing, just like any other business venture, as argued by Josler and Burner (2005, p. 5), falls under categorisation schemes that classifies it within the highly sought after business motifs. These consist of the conceptualisation of higher degree of communication, standardisation levels, production and service delivery functions, as well as entertainments (Kim, Kim, and Kil 2009, p. 142). Marketing within this business model, for example, offers tangible go ods that must reach out to consumers. As such, a distribution system is often upped to get them to their targeted destination. Service industries tend to deal directly with their customers, thus making distribution a less likely challenge at the behest. Here, the concern, however, is to make the services available to the consumers regardless of their global positioning and trends in time (Pisano and Shih 2009, p. 117). Broadly speaking, the focus is on what businesses can do in order to attain a high rate of production in a marketing function. According to recent research in this area, the high-involvement media services by businesses can, for example, create positive attitudes and spellbinding confidence on the part of consumers (Demchenko 2004, p. 24). Massey, Montoya-Weiss and O’Driscoll (2002, p. 275) and Soupata (2005, p. 25) concur that increased media marketing and its practices help generate the types of flexible behaviours that may lead to enhanced performance by bus inesses. Social media applications embrace a wide collection of elements including collaborating projects, content communities, social networking interfaces, and virtual worlds, which essentially continue to factor in within the standard repertoire of communication for many businesses (Kaplan 2012, p. 1). Currently, with the endowment of powerful mobile device to every consumer, several social media applications are gradually becoming mobile, as new entrants in the market persistently appear. Conclusion Mobile social media marketing is rapidly becoming the new face of modern world marketing trends allowing organisations in all parts of the world to effectively reach out to customers and meet their demands beforehand. For many businesses, it will continue to evolve as an integrating tool in communications and marketing strategies. The continued use of mobile social media marketing is expected to expand the scope of global buying and consumption trends for companies and consumers that embrace it. Although mobile social media marketing offers the ability to create new and impressive opportunities, it also comes with challenges including demands for a rapid shift in the thinking skills – especially about marketing mix and market measurement stratagems. Today, companies that are most effective in the frontiers of mobile social media marketing are not only experimenting with several business opportunities; they are equally empowered to create institutional metrics to quantify the impacts of their market energies. In the years to come, effective use of mobile social media tools for marketing will be guided by the very businesses that have the ability to enter into this promising relationship with consumers, employees, supplies, and other stakeholders. References Abbass, B., and Akram, I 2010, ‘Mobile marketing: Examining the impact of trust, privacy concern and consumers’ Attitudes on intention to purchase’, International Journal of Busines s and Management, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 28-41. Aldà ¡s-Manzano, J., Ruiz-Mafà ©, C., and Sanz-Blas, S 2009, ‘Exploring individual personality factors as drivers of M-shopping acceptance,’ Industrial Management and Data Systems, vol. 109, no. 8, pp. 739-757. Bauer, H. H., Reichardt, T., Barnes, S. J., and Neumann, M. M 2005, ‘Driving consumer acceptance of Mobile marketing: A theoretical framework and empirical study,’ Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 181-192. Beck, R., Beimborn, D., Weitzel, T., and Kà ¶nig, W 2008, ‘Network effects as drivers of individual technology adoption: Analyzing adoption and diffusion of mobile communication services,’ Information Systems Frontiers, vol. 10, no. 13, pp. 415-429. Bouhlel, O., Mzoughi, N., Hadiji, D., and Slimane, I. B 2009, ‘Brand Personality and Mobile Marketing: An empirical investigation,’ Proceedings of world academy of science, engineering and technology, vol . 41, no. 3, pp. 703-711. Cao, G., and McHugh, M 2005, ‘A systemic view of change management and its conceptual underpinnings’, Systemic Practice and Action Research, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 475-490. Choi, J., Seol, H., Lee, S., Cho, H., and Park, Y 2008, ‘Customer satisfaction factors of mobile commerce in Korea,’ Internet Research, vol.18, no. 3, pp. 313-335. Davis, R., and Sajtos, L 2009, ‘Anytime, anywhere: Measuring the ubiquitous consumer’s impulse purchase behavior,’ International Journal of Mobile Marketing. vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 15-23. Demchenko, Y 2004, ‘Virtual organizations in computer grids and identity management’ Information Security Technical Report. vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 59-76. Gao, T., Sultan, F., and Rohm, A. J 2010, â€Å"Factors influencing Chinese youth consumers’ acceptance of mobile marketing,† Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 27, pp. 574-583. How to make effective disclosures in digital advert ising 2013. Web. Jadhav, N., Kamble, S., and Patil, M 2012, ‘Social Media Marketing: The next generation of business trends’, Journal of Computer Engineering, vo. 2278, no. 8727, pp. 45-49. Josler, C. and Burner, J 2005, ‘Project Management methodology in human resource management’. College and University Professional Association for Human Resources. vol. 56, no. 2, 1-7. Kaplan, M 2012, ‘If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4Ãâ€"4,’ Business Horizons, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 129 – 139. Khalifa, M., and Shen, K. N 2008, ‘Drivers for Transactional B2C M-commerce Adoption: Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour,’ Journal of Computer Information Systems, vol. 48, no. 14, pp. 111-117. Kim, K., Kim, G. M., and Kil, E. S 2009, ‘Measuring the Compatibility Factors in Mobile Entertainment Service Adoption,’ Journal of Computer Information Systems, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 141-148. Lamar re, A., Galarneau, S. and Boeck, H 2012, ‘Mobile marketing and consumer behaviors current research trend’. Int. J. Latest Trends Computing, vol. 3, no. 201. pp. 1-9. Massey, A, Montoya-Weiss, M, and O’Driscoll, T 2002, ‘Knowledge Management In Pursuit Of Performance: Insights From Nortel Networks’, MIS Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 269-289. Pisano, G.P. and Shih, W.C 2009, ‘Restoring American competitiveness’. Harvard Business Review. vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 114-125. Soupata, L 2005, ‘Engaging employees in company success: The ups approach to a winning team’, Human Resource Management, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 95-98. This report on Mobile Social Media Marketing was written and submitted by user Maximilian Duke to help you with your own studies. 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Bruce campbell

Bruce campbell Bruce Campbell is an accomplished actor. His career started at the age of fourteen. Over the years he has appeared in a variety of acting roles, which have made him very well known.Bruce Campbell is forty-one years old and was born on June 22nd, 1958.(http:www.imdb.com) He is the youngest of three brothers, was born in Royal Oak, Michigan and has two children. He considers himself to have had a normal childhood in that he watched "Lost in Space" on television, dug tunnels in his back yard and ran around dressed up as Zorro. (http:www.bruce-campbell.com) Bruce started taking interest in acting at the age of eight when he saw how much fun his dad had while performing in local community theater. His first official acting job occurred at age fourteen when an actor who was to play the young prince in the "King and I" became ill and he stepped into the role.American Actor Bruce Campbell at the 2007 Scream A...

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The Formation Of The Pakistan Army History Essay

The Formation Of The Pakistan Army History Essay Pakistan came into being on 14 Aug 1947 as one country comprised mainly of contagious Muslim areas. Today even after more than sixty years down the line the country is struggling to become a nation. Pakistans army has had the distinction of holding of reigns of the country for more than thirty-eight years. Martial law regimes have come up in Pakistan in spite of democratically elected governments, the Army continued to exercise control even when civilians were titular rulers of Pakistan. There are many possible questions as to why the Pakistan army is so different then the Indian Army although both the armies share a similarity in cultural heritage and an inherited legacy of political neutrality from the British. . How and under what circumstances did Pakistan Army gained such colossal proportion of importance in the social fabric of Pakistan so as to be the major factor in deciding the policies, relations and thus the destiny of Pakistan in the new world order. Army in Pakistan gained importance which continued to grow steadily, maybe after the first instance of employment of Army for internal security problem on 06 mar 1953,the place was Lahore. The situation was brought under control within two days. The soldiers were withdrawn on 14 May and two days later Dawn newspaper commented that Memories of the Army rule in Lahore will linger for a long time to come and a new look that Lahore has acquired and the sense of discipline among its people inculcated by the Army will bear eloquent testimony to the good work done by Maj Gen Azam Khan and his men. This probably was the building block through which Pakistan Army got itself entrenched to seats of power in future. Many scholars have also raised the question of the age old problem of humankind that is economics driving the force behind the Pakistan Army being reluctant to give away its stake in power.The initial patriotism changed to self sustenance and then to safeguard the vital economic interests of the army. Over the years we have seen that Pakistan has been able to force the world opinion and aid towards itself as per Dr Philip Colhn pakistan is a nation which puts barrel a pistol on its head and demands aid,help otherwise it would shoot itself. This argument merits considerstion as due to its unique geopolitical position it has become a major player and a strategic partner for the sole superpower USA in the fight against terror. The crux of the problem are the bribes the Pakistani military establishment openly seeks from the international community for any move on its part whether it is to help rein in Taliban or severe its institutional support to India directed terror groups. Another point which drives the behavior of Pakistan is that it has to live with the fact that it lacks strategic depth and so it has raised its stakes in Afghanistan which it considers its strategic depth and the militant outfits operating with the blessings of Pakistan Army,more in particular of ISI are also considered as strategic partners which would come to play when the need arises. METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem The Pak Army traditionally preoccupied itself with political, social, economic security concerns of the nation. It started with Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan ( 17 Jan 1951 Apr 1969) since then there has been many instances when power was bestowed on civil regimes but due to their corruption and mis governance people of Pakistan turned back to their Army leadership for solace. The role of the Pakistan army in politics, is contributing to dissonance with India. Hypothesis The army has been supreme power centre and has played its role in all the major time lines in the history of the nation irrespective of the global and geo strategic positions prevailing at that time. The foreign policies and political issues are dictated to a certain extent by the GHQ. This role of Pakistan army in politics, especially in the present sub-continental context, is the major cause of dissonance with India. Justification of the Study The Pakistan Army has been able to influence the political, social and religious aspirations of the people of Pakistan. In doing so it has been able to justify its involvement in almost all spheres of the governance .As a powerful organization ,it has been able to present a picture to the population that in the present scenario it is the only organization in Pakistan which can safeguard the nations integrity and security from the biggest enemy, India. This study proposes to see the correlation between the Army and the governance and power structure of Pakistan further if its this mindset is the root cause of dissonance with India. Scope The study will deal with the historical backdrop and the symbiotic relationship which has emerged between civil and military relations in Pakistan. The role played by army in politics and its subsequent effect on relations with India. The study will cover the military regimes in brief along with the three wars and the proxy war in Kashmir resulting in fomenting trouble against India . Method of Data Collection The means and sources of gathering information , which would assisted in completing this paper are appended below:- guest speakers . Articles of significance in Indian and Pakistani newspapers. Periodicals and Journals. Books written by various writers in the subject. A bibliography of the above means and sources is appended at the end of the text. Organisation of the Dissertation In the course of the dissertation, the subject is proposed to be analysed in the following parts: (a) Chapter II. Historical Perspective of Pak Army Ideology. (b) Chapter III. Pak Failed Democracy or State (c) Chapter IV. Wars with India, their impact on policy formulation.. (d) Chapter V. Civil Military Relations and their dynamics. (e) Chapter VI. Influence Of Pak Army On Relations With India. (f) Conclusion. (g) Bibliography CHAPTER II HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PAKISTAN ARMY IDEOLOGY As we look into the events that unfolded after 14 Aug 1947we would come to the conclusion that very few nations come into existence as India and Pakistan came into being. The partition of British india into two independent nations of India and Pakistan has a long and sorrow saga of violence, mistrust, betrayal and a sense of unfullfillment Of the objectives for which this division was sought by their political leaders. The initial problems have continued till date and there is little hope for a peaceful, permanent solution.The problems which have become a more or less a permanent feature in relations between the two countries are (a) The territorial claims of J K (b) Disproportionate arms acquisition as seen by each other. (c) Nuclear Status. (d) Partition of undivided India. The partition of British India also included division of the Army between India and Pakistan.The war department was split on 19 July 1947 and many units began moving components to the destinations on either side of the border. The task was not an easy one as the numbers were large the British Indian Army was 400,000 strong.It was decided that Indian Army would get 2,60,000 with balance allotted to Pakistan. Out of the twenty nine infantry regiments Pakistan received eight a similar ratio of division took place in other fighting arms. The transformation was not easy and in most of the cases it ended in sorrow while in some cases it ended in slaughter although it was not of a soldier killing a fellow soldier. Creation of a new stste did not have an auspicious beginning. It is not surprising that the distrust engendered by mass slaughter has continued to linger on even today. Another reason for the distrust formulated in the psyche of the Pakistan was the fact that in the middle of chaos and terror the newborn armies had a tough and challenging task of creating a balanced fighting forces.India got a large proportion of base installation as most of the stores, depots were located within India.It had been worked out that 170,000 tons of equipment and stores were to be dispatched to Pakistan in 300 train loads actually Pakistan only received three railway wagon loads from India containing obsolete or useless items such as prophylactics left over from early treatment centers set up during the Second World War in Burma as recalled by General Gul Hassan . This denial of equipment to Pakistan contributed to the rapid souring of relations. The territories were to be distributed by two commissions chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, an eminent jurist who lacked knowledge about the subcontinent. Mountbatten the then Viceroy of British India is supposedly to have used all his charm to persuade the rulers of approximate 500 independent Princely States to accede to India rather than to Pakistan. He succeeded but with three exceptions of Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir.The Nawab of Junagarh immediately after partition declared accession to Pakistan it was within Indian territory so it accession was not practicable ,as it had only 20 percent muslim population its accession was not logical either. Hyderabad was also a similar problem as 86 per cent of its population was hindu but Kashmir was a muslim dominated state with a hindu ruler who wanted to be independent. Thus amidst this chaos India did military action in Junagarh after its Nawab fled to Pakistan .The Nizam of Hyderabad Osman Ali had not decided to opt for either of the countries the and there was a standstill which lasted till 13 september 1947 when Indian troops took over the state. Thus,in two of the desputed territories there had been solutions one in Junagarh involved plebiscite favouring India and other at Hyderabad involving military action .The problem of Kashmir was similar but was not solved and has led to was and tension between two countries since then. The actions by India in Junagarh, Hyderabad and the Kashmir dispute had a very negative effect in the general psyche of Pakistan towards India who now came to be seen as a nation which could use force to re-unite the subcontinent. This fear was the initial trigger in formulation of policies within Pakistan and was instrumental in deciding its international policies and relations .We can argue that these notions were not correct and an extension of imagination by Pakistan but it should be remembered that when it was critical for Pakistan to stabilize its internal situation India ,although was also doing the same inside its territories ,was insensitive and committed actions without taking Pakistan into confidence thus augmented Pakistans fears against India. In view of the above arguments it is clear that the problems and the inadvertent actions by India to solve then coupled with the scars of a bloody partition made Pakistan security conscious and its leaders were of the opinion that with a large neighbour who doe not hesitate to use force Pakistans territorial integrity was at a risk. This formulated the foundation of Pakistan policies to be formulated and followed. The policy of leaders, whether civil or military, was to strengthen defense of Pakistan at all conditions and cost. The chaos and internal problems made the political elected representatives dependent on the bureaucracy to run the administration and on the army to safeguard territorial integrity of the nation and maintain law and order . The army should only be called for maintenance of law and order duties only in exceptional cases but in Pakistan it became a regular feature and paved the way for future role which the Army had to play. Although Indian and Pakistani armies had a common origin in the old British Indian Army their employment and conduct differed drastically some differences are :- (a) Pakistan Army has been ruling the nation for more than 32 years since it attained independence and so it has acquired great influence and powers within the politics and society. (b) The Pakistan army was created from scratch and it led to a mixed legacy of pride and bitterness at having to create a virtually new army in the face of active Indian hostility. (c) The basis of creaton of Pakistan was to created as an Islamic state, so its army had to adapt to Islamic principles and practices and used it to build upon its strength. (d) After partition the responsibility of the defence of the North West Frontier Provinces was that of Pakistan , changing its entire strategic outlook. The unique feature of composition of Pakistan Army is that it is dominated by Punjabi Muslims. The Pakistan army had something like 60 percent Punjabi Muslims and the next bigger chunk from the North West Frontier Province. Thus, the army came to be dominated by the Punjabi-Pathan, psyche and culture of defiance, unwillingness to accept defeat, and not accepting responsibility for it by transferring it to someone else, further an urge to dominate, certain recklessness and a deep desire for revenge. As has already been mentioned that Punjabi Muslim officers formed the majority of the Offr cadre and thus acquired a influential position in the newly formed state of Pakistan: they stressed that the intrinsic worth of Pakistan was the Islamic character of Pakistan this was in turn to be reflected in the Islamic character of the military. They propagated , the history of Pakistan had its origin to Muslim dominance in South Asia and Pakistanis were natural conquerors of the region as their purer religion was an asset and their aggressive character. These beliefs led to the belief of the supremacy of Pakistani martial classes over Hindu India. Since its inception the military rulers have had a great say in formulating policies ,laws which shaped Pakistans destiny. The Army is dominated by Punjabis which come from affluent land lord ,industrial class ,these classes traditionally have been the ruling elite thus the Army officers belonging to these regards military ascendancy of politics not only as a right but as a duty as well. The degree to which military represent interests of others is a debatable issue further , the army has steadily extended its field to include protection of the national ideology, as per its own interpretation . Under Zia ideology of Pakistan being a Muslim state changed, in due course of time, to an Islamic polity and now it has further changed to Pakistan being a nation of enlightened moderation. General Zias Islamisation campaign affected both Pakistani society and the Army Zia tried to build a more puritanical and devout Army and allowed some religious groups like Tabligh e Jamat .to become acti ve in the Army.He was also the first Army Chief to attend the annual conventions of this group.Zia religion to be integrated in the syllabus of the staff college and encouraged the study of Islams teachings regarding the conduct of war. The unquestionable military professionalism of the Pakistan army is resultant of the fighting traditions and natural instincts of people of North-West India. The problem of Pakistan Army is that it has a constricted base of its recruitment, and a far larger role is played by tribal and clan factor which tend to deal with proficient matters in a similar manner which on a hindsight is constricted ethnic viewpoint. This clan background increases the stress to prove that one is more courageous and aggressive than the other, with little consideration to the cost of such action an institute like would have to pay and an example of such foolhardiness in Pakistan Army can be that of the Kargil misadventure undertaken by it on such considerations. The Pakistan army guards their integrity , protects their position in the society, and wants to protect a foundation or an idea since the day Pakistan was created. Further it has been dynamic in establishment of internal law and order. Furthermore, it has forever regarded itself as the special expression of the idea of Pakistan, and a few officers have advocated an activist role in reforming the society where it has fallen below the standard of excellence set by the military. The professionalism of the Pakistan army has been strongly influenced by the philosophy of Pakistan. During 1980s the army began to assume the role of the only defender of the countrys ideological frontiers. This resulted in change in the social culture of the army, and its officer corps. The Pak army officer corps influences the defense policy as well as politics of Pakistan. The military has maintained its supremacy in politics has been successfully projecting itself as saviours of the state, it has laid claim of the sole agency capable of promoting and safeguarding national integration and prevailing only when it becomes necessary to prevent collapse. Post independence, the Pakistan army identified and stressed that Islam was a unifying force. There are regular attempts by military think tanks to decrease the degree of influence of British Indian army patterns and the need to alter as per Islamic principles. A Lieutenant General involved with training in the army states , Islam is a religion in which certain amount of regimentation is germane. You have a system, a core, so basically therefore, for a Muslim, as I see it; he gets a certain orientation, a certain organisation and a certain discipline. General Zia tried to change the ethos of the army, making Islamic custom and teachings part of the armys day-to-day activities. He changed the motto of the army from Jinnahs Unity, Faith and Discipline to Iman, Taqwa, Jihad fi Sabeelillah (Faith, Obedience of God and Struggle in the Path of Allah) and even allowed members of the fundamentalist Tableeghi Jamaat to preach at the PMA. Many Muslim officers had to choose between India and Pakistan during partition and a fairly large number chose this option. Most probably they thought that they would have more opportunities in an Islamic state vis a vis a secular democracy having a Hindu majority. The occurrence of partition established the worst doubt of these officers. It taught Pakistani officers one basic rule: trust no one in a situation of a Hindu or Sikh vs. Muslim and take nothing for granted, except when you have the force to defend yourself. This suspicion (but not fear) of communal enemies was imprinted on the psyches of almost all officers in the new Pakistan army. Later the distribution of military stores and non receipt of the promised stores from India, Indian actions in Kashmir,Junagarh and Hyderabad, made Pakistan officers formulate a sense of distrust and perception- real or imagined that India was dishonest in its dealings especially when it come to Pakistan are part of the inheritance of the present-day Pakistan army. Pakistani officers of subsequent generations believe in this mistrust of India as a primary postulation, which is as true as the formulation of their country and it would take a herculean effort of both sides to completely erase this belief from the subconscious mind. . Pakistan Army is perceived to be a highly motivated and a disciplined organisation. The people have conventionally shown great admiration, even high regard, for its officers and soldiers, who have time and again performed when the time of reckoning, come. On the other hand the military leadership has frequently let the military and the country down. Slowly, respect, has been replaced by a feeling of fear and hatred and has generated dialogue on the army and its role in the countrys polity. During the Zia regime in the late 1980s, people were so fed up with the uniform and its interference in daily life that many Army officers desisted going in public places in uniform . During 1990s, hatred of the military was due to the fact that the army was seen encroaching into the commercial life of the cities and even agriculture.Even during the time Musharraf was in power People minced no words when it came to criticizing the military but they taked within the four walls of their houses.They adjusted to the military rule which it seems to have become habit of sorts.

Civil Disobedience: The Curious Case of Edward Snowden :: Civil Disobedience

More than six months after first sending shockwaves through the world, Edward Snowden is alive, not imprisoned, and still making daily headlines. A former National Security Agency contractor, Snowden was responsible for revealing to the American public the existence of enormous, secret governmental surveillance programs, tactics that irrefutably border unconstitutionality. He gave up his freedom and ultimately his way of life in revealing how the NSA was harvesting and storing global phone records and text messages, the majority sent by ordinary American citizens. Snowden voluntarily broke the law and publically took credit for his leaks, rallying behind his core belief that mass surveillance undermines the fundamental right to privacy. He felt obligated to warn his fellow countrymen that their freedom â€Å"to speak and to think and to live† was potentially being threatened, and was thus compelled to release the classified information to which he had access to, regardless of consequences. Believing that he had â€Å"done nothing wrong,† he maintains that it was absolutely necessary to inform the public that they were being victimized. While he acted alone, Snowden hopes that his actions will encourage a larger movement amongst the populace, especially other technologists, to pressure the government into reconsidering its national security platform. An essential feature of civil disobedience is nonviolence, a factor that Snowden and King similarly endorsed. Both assumed activist roles and looked to bring nationwide attention to their causes, but in no way did they promote an outbreak of violence, which they felt would prove detrimental. However, this did not stop the two from knowingly breaking the law, as each maintained that they possessed the right to defy authority due to the obvious presence of social injustice.

A Filipino Dish Called Kare-Kare Essay

In general, Filipinos are known to be food lovers. This results in varieties of recipes that were either borrowed or produced. And among these is one of the most popular Filipino dishes named â€Å"Kare-kare†. But why â€Å"Kare-kare†? What does it possess that others are lacking? Well, to know the reason behind this, let me bring you to the colourful world of â€Å"Kare-kare† dish. From a far, you can feel the heat coming from the pot as the pork leg bathes itself in hot water. It is showered with salt and vetsin. Now, as the pork leg softens and feels comfortable inside, a cup of red, thick atsuete starts to flow around it. And looking like a painter’s colour palette, the golden ground peanut and white ground rice mixed with the river of atsuete, covering the entire pot surface. The tub then becomes more attractive and vivid, catching the attention of Mr. Green string beans, Ms. Banana bud, the leafy chinese cabbage, and the ever elegant purple eggplant to jump over. â€Å"Plok†¦ plok†¦ plok†, you can hear as the nutritious vegetables dive inside the world of â€Å"Kare-kare†. So pleasurable! But wait, there’s more. Accompanying this delicious and beautiful dish is a cup of bagoong embellished with chopped liempo. The tenderness of liempo and saltiness of bagoong perfectly match the â€Å"Kare-kare† recipe which will surely leave you asking for more. Satisfying right? Indeed this popular Filipino cuisine is very nutritious and more colourful. It is original and will not only feed your mind and your stomach, but will also wake up your love for the Philippines. Try to share it with others, perhaps to your family or friends, and I’m sure they will feel exactly the same way as you and I do even while just reading this essay. So what are you waiting for? Stop imagining and start cooking your â€Å"Kare-kare†. ———————————————————————————————————————————————————– List of References Del Rosario, M. (2011, November 24). Filipino Recipe – Kare-kare . MM Del Rosario on HubPages. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://mmdelrosario. hubpages. com/hub/kare-kare-recipe Kare-Kare, Kare-Kareng Pata ng Baboy ~ Overseas Pinoy Cooking. (2009, September 9). Overseas Pinoy Cooking. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www. overseaspinoycooking. net/2009/09/kare-kare-kare-kareng-pata-ng-baboy. html.

AIDS Research Paper essays

AIDS Research Paper essays What is AIDS and how is it spread? Around the world, AIDS has been a top killer for many people throughout the 20th century and is spread numerous ways. Scientist have been hard at work for years to find a cure for AIDS, but only have been able to find ways to treat it. AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, is a human viral disease that corrupts the immune system, shutting down the bodys ability to defend itself from infection and disease. Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), AIDS leaves an infected person subject able to infections. Most infections are harmless in healthy people, but people with AIDS can dies from those same infections. There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs available to prolong life spans and improve the quality of infected people.(Encyclopedia Britannica) Someone who is infected with HIV doesnt always have AIDS, as the deadly disease sometimes takes 10 or more years to escalate to that life threatening stage. The most common way to contact and spread HIV is by having sex with an infected person. Genital, Anal, and Oral sex all put you at risk of catching HIV. The virus is in the infected persons vaginal fluids and semen. It makes its way into the bloodstream by passing through openings in the mucous membrane, which is the tissue that covers the inside of the mouth, vagina, and rectum. HIV is most commonly transmitted through homosexual men in the United States and Canada.(Encyclopedia Britannica) HIV amongst heterosexual men and women is increasing as the years go on. In other parts of the world, HIV is mostly transmitted through heterosexual sex. HIV can also be spread from a mother to a baby while still in the womens uterus or during childbirth.(Adams, Jad.) HIV can be spread through the mothers breast milk as well. Mother-to-child transmission makes up for almost 90 percent of all...

Losing herself by Losing Weight †Creative Writing Story

Losing herself by Losing Weight – Creative Writing Story Free Online Research Papers Losing herself by Losing Weight Creative Writing Story In Grade Eight, the lessons were heavier than last year, and I spent more time on my study. Luckily, my mark is not so bad. Alicia found her boyfriend- a school-famous boy, called Will. He is not only good looking, but also the president of Student Council. In addition, he was born from an extremely rich family. Lots of girls scrambled to be his girlfriend, I thought even Backstreet Boy come to my school couldn’t be as popular as him. He was so scrupulous. When he knew Alicia got a cold, then he asked his driver taking some advanced medicine to her immediately. After P.E. classes, we often could find a glass of water on her desk. She immersed into love’s sea. Every girl who had a boyfriend in my grade envied Alicia so much. Alicia knew clearly that having this brilliant boyfriend was a challenge to her. Because she was not the most beautiful girl in my school and she thought her looking and body were much better than her. The worse, Will had one time pointed out that Alicia was a little bit fat, then she often mentioned she needed to keep fit. In order to keep his heart, Alicia began to reduce her savor, she refused to eat rice and only eat vegetable. Before she ate it, the vegetable might be soaked in water in order to get rid of the oil. When she was having supper, she often only ate an apple. Usually, she would eat raw carrot or cucumber as her breakfast. Oh, my god! In my mind, that’s worse than African refugees. The African had no food but they wanted to eat; to contrary, she had food but didn’t want to eat. I thought her losing weight plan was approaching abnormal. Gradually, she reached her aim, but her face’s colour turned to sallow from rubicund, like the withered grass in autumn. The worse, her menses didn’t come on time. She was not energetic as before. I was afraid that she might be faint anytime and her health couldn’t burden heavy study. She was losing herself. Being an outsider, I had thousands question marks in my brain about her behavior. In a Friday evening, when I was preparing my contest for next day, Alicia was staying at school for spending the weekend with her boyfriend. The room only had two. I finally found a chance to solve my doubt that had hidden so long, like the wine storied in the cellar for a century. â€Å"Alicia, is the raw carrot delicious?† I suspected asked. â€Å"If I tell you it is, then that’s lying you, but when you think about its purpose, that would be completely different. It likes a motivation to push you. â€Å"Push?† â€Å"Yes! When you meet your Mr. Right, you would understand my feeling.† â€Å"Alicia, you are still young, how you can decide your Mr. Right rashly? Are you sure that he is your best man? I think you had better spend more time on your study right now.† â€Å"Michelle, you can study at anytime and everywhere, but you can’t find your lover anytime. When he appears, you must speak out, or you would compunctious forever. You should know how to grab him, because you don’t know when he would appear again.† â€Å"Where did you learn it?† I was a little bit surprise that she would speak out such profound thing. â€Å"However, I won’t learn it from the text book.† â€Å"You mean book is not important to you any more?† â€Å"So what?† I was silent. Do you know that the volcano was extraordinary quite before erupt? I just had that feeling. â€Å"Hey, Alicia, time to get up, or you would miss having breakfast with Will.† After I brushed my teeth and washed the face, she still slept on the bed. I still remember that scene, she slept so quite, like the Egyptian mummy had slept for thousand years in the pyramid. Her hands were so cold, and her lips were purple. â€Å"Don’t trick me! Alicia! Wake up! Wake up!† I desperately swayed her. â€Å"Oh, no.† I rushed out of dormitory and shouted. Fortunately, Alicia was sent to hospital on time and the doctor told me in private that it was caused by over lose weight and serious lack of nutrition. When she was in dormitory, she had stupefied deeply. If I sent her to hospital in few hours later, she would probably sleep forever. I was startled and petrified. Love can let a healthy girl into the hospital! Is love worth doing so much for it? Yep, love is a bottomlem pit, it pushes the infatuation teenagers into the death. The news liked a flying bird, it dispersed everywhere. Lots of students laughed Alicia in private, especially the girls who didn’t like Alicia be Mrs. President. I didn’t divulge a word to her. She stayed in hospital a week, and then went home to have a rest. During the time, Will didn’t call her. I found there were some girls instead of Alicia around him. I was scared telling this to her. I was afraid that she would be crazy. When I called her each time, this poor Alicia always asked me how her boyfriend was, and asked me if student council had any activity like she was the real president of student council. When I response yes, she sounded excited and gave plentiful of suggestions and let me to tell him. When I asked her about her health, she replied: â€Å"Tell Will that don’t worry about me. I will be back soon.† The day when Alicia came back, I received a note from Will. I took it happily to her, because I though it might be a dating note. God knows, this note made me couldn’t close eye in that night. â€Å"Ah!† Alicia suddenly cried loudly. â€Å"What’s wrong?† Katherine and I hugged her at once. She passed the note to us. It said: â€Å"Alicia, I think we had better separate, because I don’t like you too thin.† â€Å"I need the wine. Where is the wine? I want to drink. I don’t want to think. What is wrong with me? It’s him, he said I was too fat, but now he abandoned me first because I was too thin. Michelle, Katherine, do you think I am too thin? Shit! I treat everyone so well, I treat him even better than myself. I can do anything for him, even killed myself. Why? Where is the wine? Michelle, please buy some drinks to me. You can’t understand how my heart hurt I was now. I want to die. Help me!† â€Å"Wu†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she sobbed. She was out of control. She threw pillow, threw the bedding. â€Å"It’s he, he told me he loved me, he wanted to marry me. I want to die. Michelle, I hate you. If you don’t send me to hospital, if you let me continue sleeping, then I won’t awake, then I will live in his heart, then he can remember me forever, remember what I have done for him, then I won’t face this hard situation. Why? Why don’t you let me die?† â€Å"Wu†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That night was a sleepless night. I lay on my bed. Alicia’s word like the movie scene kept showing in my mind. I found that if the boys treat their girlfriends well a little bit, the girls would devote all their love to their lovers. They would do everything for their boyfriends, they want to share everything with their boyfriends, they even would dream to marry their boyfriend, they would scarify everything for their boyfriends. Was it worth? Love wasn’t asked one side to contribute and then the other side to receive. Love didn’t ask you to lost yourself, but encourage you love yourself more. Only you know how to love yourself, then you had a right to love the other person, then your lover knows how to love you, and you can get more love. If a person even doesn’t know how to love herself, she didn’t have a right to ask for love. Because you didn’t love yourself, how can you require your boyfriend love you? Alicia, why you were so silly? Some times, you love deeper; you might be hurt more seriously. My dear Alicia, if you only learn the knowledge from the book, then you wouldn’t be abandoned. The textbook, let us keep a kind of pure. Research Papers on Losing herself by Losing Weight - Creative Writing Story19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Spring and AutumnPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingLifes What IfsBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentTwilight of the UAW

Social networking research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social networking - Research Paper Example One such obstacle is culture. Most of the popular sites are run on the basis of mass connectivity. However, many people have their own ways of interaction that cannot be completely replaced by this mass interaction approach. People buy many personal things based on advice from relatives and friends (Curran & Blackburn, 1994). Role models also play a major role in influencing decisions. In fact word of mouth is still the most effective method of advertisement (Trusov et al, 1990). Many people only trust the message depending on the person delivering it (Nail, 2005). Another big weakness of mass marketing organs with a worldwide audience such as the Internet is that everything goes. Much as an individual may choose to whom and what they communicate, they cannot control the content directed at them. Though the cultural limitations are often ignored by social network program designers, in a relatively conservative environment such as the that found in the UAE, some items, suggestions or insinuations found in the sites range from being upsetting to outrightly offensive (Ali, 2009). Futhermore, interaction sites such as YouTube and Facebook will are relatively new phenomena. It is therefore foolhardy to imagine that the established cultural networks of communication will simply give way to impersonal interaction sites overnight (Wills & Wills, 1996). 2~ Social networking is an effective medium because it aids in developing a better CRM program, where it has became a tool for two way communication between companies and consumers, and so it is effective for small businesses because they can exchange and listen to their consumer’s views and ideas. The main advantage of social networking programs is that they are based on interaction. It is therefore possible to provide a centralized infrastructure to enable delivery of content, adequate and detailed information about the product, aftersales support, information on product

What difficulties might international non-native students have in Essay

What difficulties might international non-native students have in studying in an English Academic Culture at Undergraduate level How could these students best deal with such potential challenges - Essay Example As an example, Chinese students have a high respect for their teachers. They are not to question them or in other ways antagonize them because the teacher is the ultimate authority (Flowerdew and Miller 1996). This can be a problem for teachers in the West if they do not know this about Chinese people. This can also be a problem for the Chinese student in the Western classroom because when the teacher asks them to answer a question in class, it can be difficult and sometimes frustrating for the student and the teacher. Another challenge that non-native speakers can have is understanding their textbooks. In many situations, Western textbooks are used and often the lecturer does not use examples from the students culture. In this case, the student has no way to relate to the particular lesson. Flowerdew and Lindsay also point out that many non-native students have challenges understanding the material at a conceptual and linguistic level. They encourage lecturers to adapt their materia ls to their audience. They can do this by "adjusting their language and by simplifying and adapting what was in the set text" (126). It is important to also understand that non-English speaking students can have challenges that native English lecturers or professors may not understand at first. Robert Berman and Liying Cheng studied the perceived difficulties that graduate students had in moving towards their academic achievement. They found that both graduate and undergraduate students felt they had the most problems with understanding and speaking the language and that listening was easier than reading, writing or speaking in a different language (2000 28). They also found that the GPAs of these students suffered somewhat when they did not understand the language. In general, the non-native speakers who were in graduate school did better than those who were in undergrad. The difference between undergraduate and graduate could be that the